Publications

Shape-Based Measures Improve Scene Categorization
Morteza Rezanejad
John Wilder
Dirk B. Walther
Allan D. Jepson
Sven Dickinson
Kaleem Siddiqi
Converging evidence indicates that deep neural network models that are trained on large datasets are biased toward color and texture informa… (voir plus)tion. Humans, on the other hand, can easily recognize objects and scenes from images as well as from bounding contours. Mid-level vision is characterized by the recombination and organization of simple primary features into more complex ones by a set of so-called Gestalt grouping rules. While described qualitatively in the human literature, a computational implementation of these perceptual grouping rules is so far missing. In this article, we contribute a novel set of algorithms for the detection of contour-based cues in complex scenes. We use the medial axis transform (MAT) to locally score contours according to these grouping rules. We demonstrate the benefit of these cues for scene categorization in two ways: (i) Both human observers and CNN models categorize scenes most accurately when perceptual grouping information is emphasized. (ii) Weighting the contours with these measures boosts performance of a CNN model significantly compared to the use of unweighted contours. Our work suggests that, even though these measures are computed directly from contours in the image, current CNN models do not appear to extract or utilize these grouping cues.
2023-12-01
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (publié)
doi.org
Spectral Temporal Contrastive Learning
Sacha Morin
Somjit Nath
Samira Ebrahimi Kahou
Guy Wolf
Learning useful data representations without requiring labels is a cornerstone of modern deep learning. Self-supervised learning methods, pa… (voir plus)rticularly contrastive learning (CL), have proven successful by leveraging data augmentations to define positive pairs. This success has prompted a number of theoretical studies to better understand CL and investigate theoretical bounds for downstream linear probing tasks. This work is concerned with the temporal contrastive learning (TCL) setting where the sequential structure of the data is used instead to define positive pairs, which is more commonly used in RL and robotics contexts. In this paper, we adapt recent work on Spectral CL to formulate Spectral Temporal Contrastive Learning (STCL). We discuss a population loss based on a state graph derived from a time-homogeneous reversible Markov chain with uniform stationary distribution. The STCL loss enables to connect the linear probing performance to the spectral properties of the graph, and can be estimated by considering previously observed data sequences as an ensemble of MCMC chains.
2023-12-01
ArXiv (prépublication)
doi.org
arxiv.org
SWEET - Weakly Supervised Person Name Extraction for Fighting Human Trafficking
Javin Liu
Hao Yu
Vidya Sujaya
Pratheeksha Nair
Kellin Pelrine
Reihaneh Rabbany
In this work, we propose a weak supervision pipeline SWEET: Supervise Weakly for Entity Extraction to fight Trafficking for extracting perso… (voir plus)n names from noisy escort advertisements. Our method combines the simplicity of rule-matching (through antirules, i.e., negated rules) and the generalizability of large language models fine-tuned on benchmark, domain-specific and synthetic datasets, treating them as weak labels. One of the major challenges in this domain is limited labeled data. SWEET addresses this by obtaining multiple weak labels through labeling functions and effectively aggregating them. SWEET outperforms the previous supervised SOTA method for this task by 9% F1 score on domain data and better generalizes to common benchmark datasets. Furthermore, we also release HTGEN, a synthetically generated dataset of escort advertisements (built using ChatGPT) to facilitate further research within the community.
2023-12-01
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 (publié)
doi.org
openreview.net
Systematic Generalization by Finetuning? Analyzing Pretrained Language Models Using Constituency Tests
Aishik Chakraborty
Jackie Ck Cheung
Timothy O'Donnell
Constituents are groups of words that behave as a syntactic unit. Many linguistic phenomena (e.g., question formation, diathesis alternation… (voir plus)s) require the manipulation and rearrangement of constituents in a sentence. In this paper, we investigate how different finetuning setups affect the ability of pretrained sequence-to-sequence language models such as BART and T5 to replicate constituency tests — transformations that involve manipulating constituents in a sentence. We design multiple evaluation settings by varying the combinations of constituency tests and sentence types that a model is exposed to during finetuning. We show that models can replicate a linguistic transformation on a specific type of sentence that they saw during finetuning, but performance degrades substantially in other settings, showing a lack of systematic generalization. These results suggest that models often learn to manipulate sentences at a surface level unrelated to the constituent-level syntactic structure, for example by copying the first word of a sentence. These results may partially explain the brittleness of pretrained language models in downstream tasks.
2023-12-01
Proceedings of the 6th BlackboxNLP Workshop: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP (publié)
doi.org
Technological Solutions to Online Toxicity: Potential and Pitfalls
Arezo Bodaghi
Benjamin Fung
Ketra A. Schmitt
Social media platforms present a perplexing duality, acting at once as sites to build community and a sense of belonging, while also giving … (voir plus)rise to misinformation, facilitating and intensifying disinformation campaigns and perpetuating existing patterns of discrimination from the physical world. The first-step platforms take in mitigating the harmful side of social media involves identifying and managing toxic content. Users produce an enormous volume of posts which must be evaluated very quickly. This is an application context that requires machine-learning (ML) tools, but as we detail in this article, ML approaches rely on human annotators, analysts, and moderators. Our review of existing methods and potential improvements indicates that neither humans nor ML can be removed from this process in the near future. However, we see room for improvement in the working conditions of these human workers.
2023-12-01
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine (publié)
doi.org
Toward Stronger Textual Attack Detectors
Pierre Colombo
Marine Picot
Nathan Noiry
Guillaume Staerman
Pablo Piantanida
The landscape of available textual adversarial attacks keeps growing, posing severe threats and raising concerns regarding the deep NLP syst… (voir plus)em's integrity. However, the crucial problem of defending against malicious attacks has only drawn the attention of the NLP community. The latter is nonetheless instrumental in developing robust and trustworthy systems. This paper makes two important contributions in this line of search: (i) we introduce LAROUSSE, a new framework to detect textual adversarial attacks and (ii) we introduce STAKEOUT, a new benchmark composed of nine popular attack methods, three datasets, and two pre-trained models. LAROUSSE is ready-to-use in production as it is unsupervised, hyperparameter-free, and non-differentiable, protecting it against gradient-based methods. Our new benchmark STAKEOUT allows for a robust evaluation framework: we conduct extensive numerical experiments which demonstrate that LAROUSSE outperforms previous methods, and which allows to identify interesting factors of detection rate variations.
2023-12-01
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 (publié)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Twins with psychiatric features and a nonsense HRAS variant affecting transcript processing
Andrea Accogli
Meagan L. Collins Hutchinson
Eric Krochmalnek
Judith St-Onge
Nassima Boudrahem-Addour
Jean-Baptiste Rivière
Ridha Joober
Myriam Srour
Yannis Trakadis
2023-12-01
Psychiatry Research Case Reports (publié)
doi.org
Validation of an AI-assisted Treatment Outcome Measure for Gender-Affirming Voice Care: Comparing AI Accuracy to Listener's Perception of Voice Femininity.
Shane Simon
Einav N. Silverstein
Lauren Timmons-Sund
Jeremy M. Pinto
Eugenia M. Castro
Karla D. O'dell
Michael M. Johns III
Wendy J. Mack
Yael Bensoussan
2023-12-01
Journal of Voice (published)
doi.org
Validation of an AI-assisted Treatment Outcome Measure for Gender-Affirming Voice Care: Comparing AI Accuracy to Listener's Perception of Voice Femininity.
Shane Simon
Einav Silverstein
Lauren Timmons-Sund
Jeremy Pinto
M. Eugenia Castro
Karla O’Dell
Michael M. Johns III
Wendy J. Mack
Yael Bensoussan
2023-12-01
Journal of Voice (publié)
doi.org
XTREME-UP: A User-Centric Scarce-Data Benchmark for Under-Represented Languages
Sebastian Ruder
Jonathan H. Clark
Alexander Gutkin
Mihir Kale
Min Ma
Massimo Nicosia
Shruti Rijhwani
Parker Riley
Jean Michel Amath Sarr
Xinyi Wang
John Frederick Wieting
Nitish Gupta
Anna Katanova
Christo Kirov
Dana L Dickinson
Brian Roark
Bidisha Samanta
Connie Tao
David Ifeoluwa Adelani
Vera Axelrod … (voir 7 de plus)
Isaac Rayburn Caswell
Colin Cherry
Dan Garrette
Reeve Ingle
Melvin Johnson
Dmitry Panteleev
Partha Talukdar
Data scarcity is a crucial issue for the development of highly multilingual NLP systems. Yet for many under-represented languages (ULs) -- l… (voir plus)anguages for which NLP re-search is particularly far behind in meeting user needs -- it is feasible to annotate small amounts of data. Motivated by this, we propose XTREME-UP, a benchmark defined by: its focus on the scarce-data scenario rather than zero-shot; its focus on user-centric tasks -- tasks with broad adoption by speakers of high-resource languages; and its focus on under-represented languages where this scarce-data scenario tends to be most realistic. XTREME-UP evaluates the capabilities of language models across 88 under-represented languages over 9 key user-centric technologies including ASR, OCR, MT, and information access tasks that are of general utility. We create new datasets for OCR, autocomplete, semantic parsing, and transliteration, and build on and refine existing datasets for other tasks. XTREME-UP provides methodology for evaluating many modeling scenarios including text-only, multi-modal (vision, audio, and text),supervised parameter tuning, and in-context learning. We evaluate commonly used models on the benchmark. We release all code and scripts to train and evaluate models
2023-12-01
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 (publié)
doi.org
openreview.net
Learning domain-invariant classifiers for infant cry sounds
Charles Onu
Hemanth K. Sheetha
Arsenii Gorin
Doina Precup
2023-11-30
ArXiv (prépublication)
arxiv.org
arxiv.org
Active learning meets fractal decision boundaries: a cautionary tale from the Sitnikov three-body problem
Nicolas Payot
Mario Pasquato
Alessandro A. Trani
Yashar Hezaveh
Laurence Perreault-Levasseur
Chaotic systems such as the gravitational N-body problem are ubiquitous in astronomy. Machine learning (ML) is increasingly deployed to pred… (voir plus)ict the evolution of such systems, e.g. with the goal of speeding up simulations. Strategies such as active Learning (AL) are a natural choice to optimize ML training. Here we showcase an AL failure when predicting the stability of the Sitnikov three-body problem, the simplest case of N-body problem displaying chaotic behavior. We link this failure to the fractal nature of our classification problem's decision boundary. This is a potential pitfall in optimizing large sets of N-body simulations via AL in the context of star cluster physics, galactic dynamics, or cosmology.
2023-11-29
ArXiv (prépublication)
arxiv.org
arxiv.org