Publications

The Responsible Foundation Model Development Cheatsheet: A Review of Tools & Resources
Shayne Longpre
Stella Biderman
Alon Albalak
Hailey Schoelkopf
Daniel McDuff
Sayash Kapoor
Kevin Klyman
Kyle Lo
Gabriel Ilharco
Nay San
Maribeth Rauh
Aviya Skowron
Bertie Vidgen
Laura Weidinger
Arvind Narayanan
Victor Sanh
David Ifeoluwa Adelani
Percy Liang
Rishi Bommasani
Peter Henderson … (see 3 more)
Sasha Luccioni
Yacine Jernite
Luca Soldaini
Foundation model development attracts a rapidly expanding body of contributors, scientists, and applications. To help shape responsible deve… (see more)lopment practices, we introduce the Foundation Model Development Cheatsheet: a growing collection of 250+ tools and resources spanning text, vision, and speech modalities. We draw on a large body of prior work to survey resources (e.g. software, documentation, frameworks, guides, and practical tools) that support informed data selection, processing, and understanding, precise and limitation-aware artifact documentation, efficient model training, advance awareness of the environmental impact from training, careful model evaluation of capabilities, risks, and claims, as well as responsible model release, licensing and deployment practices. We hope this curated collection of resources helps guide more responsible development. The process of curating this list, enabled us to review the AI development ecosystem, revealing what tools are critically missing, misused, or over-used in existing practices. We find that (i) tools for data sourcing, model evaluation, and monitoring are critically under-serving ethical and real-world needs, (ii) evaluations for model safety, capabilities, and environmental impact all lack reproducibility and transparency, (iii) text and particularly English-centric analyses continue to dominate over multilingual and multi-modal analyses, and (iv) evaluation of systems, rather than just models, is needed so that capabilities and impact are assessed in context.
2024-06-24
ArXiv (preprint)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Towards a standardized framework for AI-assisted, image-based monitoring of nocturnal insects
D. B. Roy
David Roy
J. Alison
Tom August
M. Bélisle
K. Bjerge
J. J. Bowden
M. J. Bunsen
F. Cunha
Q. Geissmann
K. Goldmann
Alba Gomez-Segura
A. Jain
C. Huijbers
M. Larrivée
J. L. Lawson
H. M. Mann
M. J. Mazerolle
K. P. McFarland
L. Pasi … (see 8 more)
S. Peters
N. Pinoy
David Rolnick
G. L. Skinner
O. T. Strickson
A. Svenning
S. Teagle
Toke Thomas Høye
Automated sensors have potential to standardize and expand the monitoring of insects across the globe. As one of the most scalable and faste… (see more)st developing sensor technologies, we describe a framework for automated, image-based monitoring of nocturnal insects—from sensor development and field deployment to workflows for data processing and publishing. Sensors comprise a light to attract insects, a camera for collecting images and a computer for scheduling, data storage and processing. Metadata is important to describe sampling schedules that balance the capture of relevant ecological information against power and data storage limitations. Large data volumes of images from automated systems necessitate scalable and effective data processing. We describe computer vision approaches for the detection, tracking and classification of insects, including models built from existing aggregations of labelled insect images. Data from automated camera systems necessitate approaches that account for inherent biases. We advocate models that explicitly correct for bias in species occurrence or abundance estimates resulting from the imperfect detection of species or individuals present during sampling occasions. We propose ten priorities towards a step-change in automated monitoring of nocturnal insects, a vital task in the face of rapid biodiversity loss from global threats. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring’.
2024-06-24
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (published)
doi.org
Efficient Evolutionary Search Over Chemical Space with Large Language Models
Haorui Wang
Marta Skreta
Cher Tian Ser
Wenhao Gao
Lingkai Kong
Felix Streith-Kalthoff
Chenru Duan
Yuchen Zhuang
Yue Yu
Yanqiao Zhu 0001
Yuanqi Du
Alan Aspuru-Guzik
Kirill Neklyudov
Chao Zhang
Molecular discovery, when formulated as an optimization problem, presents significant computational challenges because optimization objectiv… (see more)es can be non-differentiable. Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs), often used to optimize black-box objectives in molecular discovery, traverse chemical space by performing random mutations and crossovers, leading to a large number of expensive objective evaluations. In this work, we ameliorate this shortcoming by incorporating chemistry-aware Large Language Models (LLMs) into EAs. Namely, we redesign crossover and mutation operations in EAs using LLMs trained on large corpora of chemical information. We perform extensive empirical studies on both commercial and open-source models on multiple tasks involving property optimization, molecular rediscovery, and structure-based drug design, demonstrating that the joint usage of LLMs with EAs yields superior performance over all baseline models across single- and multi-objective settings. We demonstrate that our algorithm improves both the quality of the final solution and convergence speed, thereby reducing the number of required objective evaluations. Our code is available at http://github.com/zoom-wang112358/MOLLEO
2024-06-23
ArXiv (preprint)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Existing Digital Health Technology Index Summary Report for Older Adults Living with Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major) and Their Informal Caregivers: An Environmental Scan
Ambily Jose
Maxime Sasseville
Ellen Gorus
Anik Giguère
Anne Bourbonnais
Samira Abbasgholizadeh-Rahimi
Clémence Balley
Ronald Buyl
Marie-Pierre Gagnon
Digital health has added numerous promising solutions to enhance the health and wellness of people with neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) and … (see more)their informal caregivers. (1) Background: It is important to obtain a comprehensive view of currently available technologies, their outcomes, and conditions of success to inform recommendations regarding digital health solutions for people with NCDs and their caregivers. This environmental scan was performed to identify the features of existing digital health solutions relevant to the targeted population. This work reviews currently available digital health solutions and their related characteristics to develop a decision support tool for older adults living with mild or major neurocognitive disorders and their informal caregivers. This knowledge will aid the development of a decision support tool to assist older adults and their informal caregivers in their search for adequate digital health solutions according to their needs and preferences based on trustable information. (2) Methods: We conducted an environmental scan to identify digital health solutions from a systematic review and targeted searches in the grey literature covering the regions of Canada and Europe. Technological tools were scanned based on a preformatted extraction grid. We assessed their relevance based on selected attributes and summarized the findings. (3) Results: We identified 100 available digital health solutions. The majority (56%) were not specific to NCDs. Only 28% provided scientific evidence of their effectiveness. Remote patient care, movement tracking, and cognitive exercises were the most common purposes of digital health solutions. Most solutions were presented as decision aid tools, pill dispensers, apps, web, or a combination of these platforms. (4) Conclusions: This environmental scan allowed for identifying current digital health solutions for older adults with mild or major neurocognitive disorders and their informal caregivers. Findings from the environmental scan highlight the need for additional approaches to strengthen digital health interventions for the well-being of older adults with mild and major NCDs and their informal and formal healthcare providers.
2024-06-22
Geriatrics (published)
doi.org
DASB -- Discrete Audio and Speech Benchmark
Pooneh Mousavi
Luca Della Libera
Jarod Duret
Artem Ploujnikov
Cem Subakan
Mirco Ravanelli
Discrete audio tokens have recently gained considerable attention for their potential to connect audio and language processing, enabling the… (see more) creation of modern multimodal large language models. Ideal audio tokens must effectively preserve phonetic and semantic content along with paralinguistic information, speaker identity, and other details. While several types of audio tokens have been recently proposed, identifying the optimal tokenizer for various tasks is challenging due to the inconsistent evaluation settings in existing studies. To address this gap, we release the Discrete Audio and Speech Benchmark (DASB), a comprehensive leaderboard for benchmarking discrete audio tokens across a wide range of discriminative tasks, including speech recognition, speaker identification and verification, emotion recognition, keyword spotting, and intent classification, as well as generative tasks such as speech enhancement, separation, and text-to-speech. Our results show that, on average, semantic tokens outperform compression tokens across most discriminative and generative tasks. However, the performance gap between semantic tokens and standard continuous representations remains substantial, highlighting the need for further research in this field.
2024-06-20
ArXiv (preprint)
doi.org
openreview.net
Language Model-In-The-Loop: Data Optimal Approach to Recommend Actions in Text Games
Arjun V Sudhakar
Prasanna Parthasarathi
Janarthanan Rajendran
Sarath Chandar
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior performance in language understanding benchmarks. A recent use case for LLMs involve… (see more)s training decision-making agents over textual information. The existing approach leverages LLM's linguistic priors for action candidate recommendations in text games, i.e., to operate without environment-provided actions. However, adapting LLMs to specific games/tasks requires a massive amount of annotated human gameplay. Moreover, in the existing approach, the language model was kept frozen during an agent's training process, which limits learning from in-game knowledge about the world. Hence, we explore strategies to adapt the language model for candidate recommendation with in-game transition in an online learning fashion to mitigate reliance on human-annotated gameplays, which are costly to acquire. In this paper, we propose in-game transition selection methods to adapt the LLM in the loop, reducing the dependency on using human-annotated gameplays while improving performance and convergence. Our method demonstrates a 53% relative improvement in average game score over the previous state-of-the-art model, achieving more than twice the convergence rate in a full-annotated dataset setting. Furthermore, even with only 10% of human annotation, we surpassed the 100\% state-of-the-art performance benchmark.
2024-06-20
rl-conference.cc/RLC/2024/Workshop/TAFM (published)
openreview.net
openreview.net
APPL: A Prompt Programming Language for Harmonious Integration of Programs and Large Language Model Prompts
Honghua Dong
Qidong Su
Yubo Gao
Zhaoyu Li
Yangjun Ruan
Gennady G. Pekhimenko
Chris J. Maddison
Xujie Si
Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable of handling diverse tasks with the aid of well-crafted prompts and integration… (see more) of external tools, but as task complexity rises, the workflow involving LLMs can be complicated and thus challenging to implement and maintain. To address this challenge, we propose APPL, A Prompt Programming Language that acts as a bridge between computer programs and LLMs, allowing seamless embedding of prompts into Python functions, and vice versa. APPL provides an intuitive and Python-native syntax, an efficient parallelized runtime with asynchronous semantics, and a tracing module supporting effective failure diagnosis and replaying without extra costs. We demonstrate that APPL programs are intuitive, concise, and efficient through three representative scenarios: Chain-of-Thought with self-consistency (CoT-SC), ReAct tool use agent, and multi-agent chat. Experiments on three parallelizable workflows further show that APPL can effectively parallelize independent LLM calls, with a significant speedup ratio that almost matches the estimation.
2024-06-19
ArXiv (preprint)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Functional Acceleration for Policy Mirror Descent
Veronica Chelu
Doina Precup
2024-06-19
ICML.cc/2024/Workshop/ARLET (poster)
doi.org
openreview.net
Functional Acceleration for Policy Mirror Descent
Veronica Chelu
Doina Precup
We apply functional acceleration to the Policy Mirror Descent (PMD) general family of algorithms, which cover a wide range of novel and fund… (see more)amental methods in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Leveraging duality, we propose a momentum-based PMD update. By taking the functional route, our approach is independent of the policy parametrization and applicable to large-scale optimization, covering previous applications of momentum at the level of policy parameters as a special case. We theoretically analyze several properties of this approach and complement with a numerical ablation study, which serves to illustrate the policy optimization dynamics on the value polytope, relative to different algorithmic design choices in this space. We further characterize numerically several features of the problem setting relevant for functional acceleration, and lastly, we investigate the impact of approximation on their learning mechanics.
2024-06-19
ICML.cc/2024/Workshop/ARLET (poster)
doi.org
openreview.net
GAPS phase II: development and pilot results of the global assessment in pediatric surgery, an evidence-based pediatric surgical capacity assessment tool for low-resource settings.
Yasmine Yousef
Sarah Cairo
Etienne St-Louis
Laura F. Goodman
Doulia M. Hamad
Robert Baird
Emily R. Smith
Sherif Emil
Jean Martin Laberge
Mohamed Abdelmalak
Zipporah Gathuy
Faye Evans
Maryam Ghavami Adel
Ki K. Bertille
Milind Chitnis
Leecarlo Millano
Peter Nthumba
Sergio d’Agostino
Bruno Cigliano
Luis Enrique Zea-Salazar … (see 4 more)
Emmanuel Ameh
Doruk Ozgediz
Elena Guadagno
Dan Poenaru
2024-06-19
Pediatric Surgery International (published)
doi.org
Handling Delay in Reinforcement Learning Caused by Parallel Computations of Neurons
Ivan Anokhin
Rishav
Stephen Chung
Irina Rish
Samira Ebrahimi Kahou
Biological neural networks operate in parallel, a feature that sets them apart from artificial neural networks and can significantly enhance… (see more) inference speed. However, this parallelism introduces challenges: when each neuron operates asynchronously with a fixed execution time, an
2024-06-19
ICML.cc/2024/Workshop/ARLET (poster)
openreview.net
openreview.net
Realtime Reinforcement Learning: Towards Rapid Asynchronous Deployment of Large Models
Matthew D Riemer
Gopeshh Subbaraj
Glen Berseth
Irina Rish
Realtime environments change even as agents perform action inference and learning, thus requiring high interaction frequencies to effectivel… (see more)y minimize long-term regret. However, recent advances in machine learning involve larger neural networks with longer inference times, raising questions about their applicability in realtime systems where reaction time is crucial. We present an analysis of lower bounds on regret in realtime environments to show that minimizing long-term regret is generally impossible within the typical sequential interaction and learning paradigm, but often becomes possible when sufficient asynchronous compute is available. We propose novel algorithms for staggering asynchronous inference processes to ensure that actions are taken at consistent time intervals, and demonstrate that use of models with high action inference times is only constrained by the environment's effective stochasticity over the inference horizon, and not by action frequency. Our analysis shows that the number of inference processes needed scales linearly with increasing inference times while enabling use of models that are multiple orders of magnitude larger than existing approaches when learning from a realtime simulation of Game Boy games such as Pokemon and Tetris.
2024-06-19
ICML.cc/2024/Workshop/ARLET (poster)
openreview.net
openreview.net