Siva Reddy

Image Retrieval from Contextual Descriptions

Benno Krojer

Vaibhav Adlakha

Vibhav Vineet

Yash Goyal

Edoardo Ponti

The ability to integrate context, including perceptual and temporal cues, plays a pivotal role in grounding the meaning of a linguistic utte… (see more)rance. In order to measure to what extent current vision-and-language models master this ability, we devise a new multimodal challenge, Image Retrieval from Contextual Descriptions (ImageCoDe). In particular, models are tasked with retrieving the correct image from a set of 10 minimally contrastive candidates based on a contextual description.As such, each description contains only the details that help distinguish between images.Because of this, descriptions tend to be complex in terms of syntax and discourse and require drawing pragmatic inferences. Images are sourced from both static pictures and video frames.We benchmark several state-of-the-art models, including both cross-encoders such as ViLBERT and bi-encoders such as CLIP, on ImageCoDe.Our results reveal that these models dramatically lag behind human performance: the best variant achieves an accuracy of 20.9 on video frames and 59.4 on static pictures, compared with 90.8 in humans.Furthermore, we experiment with new model variants that are better equipped to incorporate visual and temporal context into their representations, which achieve modest gains. Our hope is that ImageCoDE will foster progress in grounded language understanding by encouraging models to focus on fine-grained visual differences.

2022-05-01

Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) (published)

doi.org

arxiv.org

The Power of Prompt Tuning for Low-Resource Semantic Parsing

Nathan Schucher

Siva Reddy

Harm de Vries

Prompt tuning has recently emerged as an effective method for adapting pre-trained language models to a number of language understanding and… (see more) generation tasks. In this paper, we investigate prompt tuning for semantic parsing—the task of mapping natural language utterances onto formal meaning representations. On the low-resource splits of Overnight and TOPv2, we find that a prompt tuned T5-xl significantly outperforms its fine-tuned counterpart, as well as strong GPT-3 and BART baselines. We also conduct ablation studies across different model scales and target representations, finding that, with increasing model scale, prompt tuned T5 models improve at generating target representations that are far from the pre-training distribution.

2022-05-01

Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) (published)

doi.org

arxiv.org

Using Interactive Feedback to Improve the Accuracy and Explainability of Question Answering Systems Post-Deployment

Zichao Li

Prakhar Sharma

Xing Han Lu

Jackie Cheung

Siva Reddy

2022-05-01

Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022 (published)

doi.org

arxiv.org

On the Origin of Hallucinations in Conversational Models: Is it the Datasets or the Models?

Nouha Dziri

Sivan Milton

Mo Yu

Osmar R Zaiane

Siva Reddy

Knowledge-grounded conversational models are known to suffer from producing factually invalid statements, a phenomenon commonly called hallu… (see more)cination. In this work, we investigate the underlying causes of this phenomenon: is hallucination due to the training data, or to the models? We conduct a comprehensive human study on both existing knowledge-grounded conversational benchmarks and several state-of-the-art models. Our study reveals that the standard benchmarks consist of > 60% hallucinated responses, leading to models that not only hallucinate but even amplify hallucinations. Our findings raise important questions on the quality of existing datasets and models trained using them. We make our annotations publicly available for future research.

2022-04-17

ArXiv (preprint)

doi.org

arxiv.org

On the Origin of Hallucinations in Conversational Models: Is it the Datasets or the Models?

Nouha Dziri

Sivan Milton

Mo Yu

Osmar R Zaiane

Siva Reddy

Knowledge-grounded conversational models are known to suffer from producing factually invalid statements, a phenomenon commonly called hallu… (see more)cination. In this work, we investigate the underlying causes of this phenomenon: is hallucination due to the training data, or to the models? We conduct a comprehensive human study on both existing knowledge-grounded conversational benchmarks and several state-of-the-art models. Our study reveals that the standard benchmarks consist of > 60% hallucinated responses, leading to models that not only hallucinate but even amplify hallucinations. Our findings raise important questions on the quality of existing datasets and models trained using them. We make our annotations publicly available for future research.

2022-04-17

ArXiv (preprint)

doi.org

arxiv.org

TopiOCQA: Open-domain Conversational Question Answering with Topic Switching

Vaibhav Adlakha

Shehzaad Dhuliawala

Kaheer Suleman

Harm de Vries

Siva Reddy

2022-04-13

Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (published)

doi.org

arxiv.org

Using Interactive Feedback to Improve the Accuracy and Explainability of Question Answering Systems Post-Deployment

Zichao Li

Prakhar Sharma

Xing Han Lu

Jackie Cheung

Siva Reddy

Most research on question answering focuses on the pre-deployment stage; i.e., building an accurate model for deployment.In this paper, we a… (see more)sk the question: Can we improve QA systems further post-deployment based on user interactions? We focus on two kinds of improvements: 1) improving the QA system’s performance itself, and 2) providing the model with the ability to explain the correctness or incorrectness of an answer.We collect a retrieval-based QA dataset, FeedbackQA, which contains interactive feedback from users. We collect this dataset by deploying a base QA system to crowdworkers who then engage with the system and provide feedback on the quality of its answers.The feedback contains both structured ratings and unstructured natural language explanations.We train a neural model with this feedback data that can generate explanations and re-score answer candidates. We show that feedback data not only improves the accuracy of the deployed QA system but also other stronger non-deployed systems. The generated explanations also help users make informed decisions about the correctness of answers.

2022-04-06

ArXiv (preprint)

doi.org

arxiv.org

Image Retrieval from Contextual Descriptions

Benno Krojer

Vaibhav Adlakha

Vibhav Vineet

Yash Goyal

Edoardo Ponti

Siva Reddy

The ability to integrate context, including perceptual and temporal cues, plays a pivotal role in grounding the meaning of a linguistic utte… (see more)rance. In order to measure to what extent current vision-and-language models master this ability, we devise a new multimodal challenge, Image Retrieval from Contextual Descriptions (ImageCoDe). In particular, models are tasked with retrieving the correct image from a set of 10 minimally contrastive candidates based on a contextual description.As such, each description contains only the details that help distinguish between images.Because of this, descriptions tend to be complex in terms of syntax and discourse and require drawing pragmatic inferences. Images are sourced from both static pictures and video frames.We benchmark several state-of-the-art models, including both cross-encoders such as ViLBERT and bi-encoders such as CLIP, on ImageCoDe.Our results reveal that these models dramatically lag behind human performance: the best variant achieves an accuracy of 20.9 on video frames and 59.4 on static pictures, compared with 90.8 in humans.Furthermore, we experiment with new model variants that are better equipped to incorporate visual and temporal context into their representations, which achieve modest gains. Our hope is that ImageCoDE will foster progress in grounded language understanding by encouraging models to focus on fine-grained visual differences.

2022-03-29

ArXiv (preprint)

doi.org

arxiv.org

Combining Modular Skills in Multitask Learning

Edoardo Ponti

Alessandro Sordoni

Siva Reddy

2022-02-28

ArXiv (preprint)

arxiv.org

IGLUE: A Benchmark for Transfer Learning across Modalities, Tasks, and Languages

Emanuele Bugliarello

Fangyu Liu

Jonas Pfeiffer

Siva Reddy

Desmond Elliott

Edoardo Ponti

Ivan Vulic

Reliable evaluation benchmarks designed for replicability and comprehensiveness have driven progress in machine learning. Due to the lack of… (see more) a multilingual benchmark, however, vision-and-language research has mostly focused on English language tasks. To fill this gap, we introduce the Image-Grounded Language Understanding Evaluation benchmark. IGLUE brings together - by both aggregating pre-existing datasets and creating new ones - visual question answering, cross-modal retrieval, grounded reasoning, and grounded entailment tasks across 20 diverse languages. Our benchmark enables the evaluation of multilingual multimodal models for transfer learning, not only in a zero-shot setting, but also in newly defined few-shot learning setups. Based on the evaluation of the available state-of-the-art models, we find that translate-test transfer is superior to zero-shot transfer and that few-shot learning is hard to harness for many tasks. Moreover, downstream performance is partially explained by the amount of available unlabelled textual data for pretraining, and only weakly by the typological distance of target-source languages. We hope to encourage future research efforts in this area by releasing the benchmark to the community.

2022-01-01

ICML (published)

proceedings.mlr.press

arxiv.org

The Curious Case of Absolute Position Embeddings

Koustuv Sinha

Amirhossein Kazemnejad

Siva Reddy

Joelle Pineau

Dieuwke Hupkes

Adina Williams

2022-01-01

EMNLP (Findings) (published)

doi.org

arxiv.org

End-to-End Training of Multi-Document Reader and Retriever for Open-Domain Question Answering

Devendra Singh Sachan

Siva Reddy

William Hamilton

Chris Dyer

Dani Yogatama

We present an end-to-end differentiable training method for retrieval-augmented open-domain question answering systems that combine informat… (see more)ion from multiple retrieved documents when generating answers. We model retrieval decisions as latent variables over sets of relevant documents. Since marginalizing over sets of retrieved documents is computationally hard, we approximate this using an expectation-maximization algorithm. We iteratively estimate the value of our latent variable (the set of relevant documents for a given question) and then use this estimate to update the retriever and reader parameters. We hypothesize that such end-to-end training allows training signals to flow to the reader and then to the retriever better than staged-wise training. This results in a retriever that is able to select more relevant documents for a question and a reader that is trained on more accurate documents to generate an answer. Experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms all existing approaches of comparable size by 2-3% absolute exact match points, achieving new state-of-the-art results. Our results also demonstrate the feasibility of learning to retrieve to improve answer generation without explicit supervision of retrieval decisions.

openreview.net

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Siva Reddy

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