Tal Arbel

Biography

Tal Arbel is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McGill University, where she is the director of the Probabilistic Vision Group and Medical Imaging Lab in the Centre for Intelligent Machines.

She is also a Canada CIFAR AI Chair, an associate academic member of Mila – Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute and an associate member of the Goodman Cancer Research Centre.

Arbel’s research focuses on the development of probabilistic deep learning methods in computer vision and medical image analysis for a wide range of real-world applications, with a focus on neurological diseases.

She is a recipient of the 2019 McGill Engineering Christophe Pierre Research Award and a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. She regularly serves on the organizing team of major international conferences in computer vision and in medical image analysis (e.g. MICCAI, MIDL, ICCV, CVPR). She is currently the Editor-in-Chief and co-founder of the arXiv overlay journal: Machine Learning for Biomedical Imaging (MELBA).

Current Students

Berardino Barile

Postdoctorate - McGill University

Joshua Durso-finley

PhD - McGill University

Nima Fathi

Master's Research - McGill University

Gian Favero

Master's Research - McGill University

elizabeth.janes@mila.quebec

Ethan Honey

PhD - McGill University

ethan.honey@mila.quebec

Elizabeth Laura Janes

Master's Research - McGill University

Emily Kaczmarek

PhD - McGill University

emily.kaczmarek@mail.mcgill.ca

Amar Kumar

PhD - McGill University

Mohamed Mohamed

Master's Research - McGill University

Parham Saremi

Master's Research - McGill University

Xing Shen

Master's Research - McGill University

Master's Research - McGill University

Zahra TehraniNasab

Master's Research - McGill University

Mona Wang Wang

Undergraduate - McGill University

monaw7777@gmail.com

Ritchie Yu

Undergraduate - McGill University

Publications

Improving Robustness and Reliability in Medical Image Classification with Latent-Guided Diffusion and Nested-Ensembles

Xing Shen

Hengguan Huang

Brennan Nichyporuk

2023-10-24

ArXiv (preprint)

Debiasing Counterfactuals in the Presence of Spurious Correlations

Amar Kumar

Nima Fathi

Raghav Mehta

Brennan Nichyporuk

Jean-Pierre R. Falet

Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

Deep learning models can perform well in complex medical imaging classification tasks, even when basing their conclusions on spurious correl… (see more)ations (i.e. confounders), should they be prevalent in the training dataset, rather than on the causal image markers of interest. This would thereby limit their ability to generalize across the population. Explainability based on counterfactual image generation can be used to expose the confounders but does not provide a strategy to mitigate the bias. In this work, we introduce the first end-to-end training framework that integrates both (i) popular debiasing classifiers (e.g. distributionally robust optimization (DRO)) to avoid latching onto the spurious correlations and (ii) counterfactual image generation to unveil generalizable imaging markers of relevance to the task. Additionally, we propose a novel metric, Spurious Correlation Latching Score (SCLS), to quantify the extent of the classifier reliance on the spurious correlation as exposed by the counterfactual images. Through comprehensive experiments on two public datasets (with the simulated and real visual artifacts), we demonstrate that the debiasing method: (i) learns generalizable markers across the population, and (ii) successfully ignores spurious correlations and focuses on the underlying disease pathology.

2023-10-09

Clinical Image-Based Procedures, Fairness of AI in Medical Imaging, and Ethical and Philosophical Issues in Medical Imaging (published)

Improving Image-Based Precision Medicine with Uncertainty-Aware Causal Models

Joshua D. Durso-Finley

Jean-Pierre R. Falet

Raghav Mehta

Douglas Arnold

Nick Pawlowski

Image-based precision medicine aims to personalize treatment decisions based on an individual's unique imaging features so as to improve the… (see more)ir clinical outcome. Machine learning frameworks that integrate uncertainty estimation as part of their treatment recommendations would be safer and more reliable. However, little work has been done in adapting uncertainty estimation techniques and validation metrics for precision medicine. In this paper, we use Bayesian deep learning for estimating the posterior distribution over factual and counterfactual outcomes on several treatments. This allows for estimating the uncertainty for each treatment option and for the individual treatment effects (ITE) between any two treatments. We train and evaluate this model to predict future new and enlarging T2 lesion counts on a large, multi-center dataset of MR brain images of patients with multiple sclerosis, exposed to several treatments during randomized controlled trials. We evaluate the correlation of the uncertainty estimate with the factual error, and, given the lack of ground truth counterfactual outcomes, demonstrate how uncertainty for the ITE prediction relates to bounds on the ITE error. Lastly, we demonstrate how knowledge of uncertainty could modify clinical decision-making to improve individual patient and clinical trial outcomes.

2023-10-08

OpenReview.net/Archive (published)

Mitigating Calibration Bias Without Fixed Attribute Grouping for Improved Fairness in Medical Imaging Analysis

Changjian Shui

Justin Szeto

Raghav Mehta

Douglas Arnold

2023-10-08

OpenReview.net/Archive (published)

Grow-push-prune: Aligning deep discriminants for effective structural network compression

Qing Tian

James J. Clark

2023-06-01

Computer Vision and Image Understanding (published)

Medical SAM Adapter: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Segmentation

Junde Wu

Rao Fu

Huihui Fang

Yuanpei Liu

Zhao-Yang Wang

Yanwu Xu

Yueming Jin

The Segment Anything Model (SAM) has recently gained popularity in the field of image segmentation due to its impressive capabilities in var… (see more)ious segmentation tasks and its prompt-based interface. However, recent studies and individual experiments have shown that SAM underperforms in medical image segmentation, since the lack of the medical specific knowledge. This raises the question of how to enhance SAM's segmentation capability for medical images. In this paper, instead of fine-tuning the SAM model, we propose the Medical SAM Adapter (Med-SA), which incorporates domain-specific medical knowledge into the segmentation model using a light yet effective adaptation technique. In Med-SA, we propose Space-Depth Transpose (SD-Trans) to adapt 2D SAM to 3D medical images and Hyper-Prompting Adapter (HyP-Adpt) to achieve prompt-conditioned adaptation. We conduct comprehensive evaluation experiments on 17 medical image segmentation tasks across various image modalities. Med-SA outperforms several state-of-the-art (SOTA) medical image segmentation methods, while updating only 2\% of the parameters. Our code is released at https://github.com/KidsWithTokens/Medical-SAM-Adapter.

2023-04-25

ArXiv (preprint)

Evaluating the Fairness of Deep Learning Uncertainty Estimates in Medical Image Analysis

Raghav Mehta

Changjian Shui

Although deep learning (DL) models have shown great success in many medical image analysis tasks, deployment of the resulting models into r… (see more)eal clinical contexts requires: (1) that they exhibit robustness and fairness across different sub-populations, and (2) that the confidence in DL model predictions be accurately expressed in the form of uncertainties. Unfortunately, recent studies have indeed shown significant biases in DL models across demographic subgroups (e.g., race, sex, age) in the context of medical image analysis, indicating a lack of fairness in the models. Although several methods have been proposed in the ML literature to mitigate a lack of fairness in DL models, they focus entirely on the absolute performance between groups without considering their effect on uncertainty estimation. In this work, we present the first exploration of the effect of popular fairness models on overcoming biases across subgroups in medical image analysis in terms of bottom-line performance, and their effects on uncertainty quantification. We perform extensive experiments on three different clinically relevant tasks: (i) skin lesion classification, (ii) brain tumour segmentation, and (iii) Alzheimer's disease clinical score regression. Our results indicate that popular ML methods, such as data-balancing and distributionally robust optimization, succeed in mitigating fairness issues in terms of the model performances for some of the tasks. However, this can come at the cost of poor uncertainty estimates associated with the model predictions. This tradeoff must be mitigated if fairness models are to be adopted in medical image analysis.

2023-04-04

MIDL.io/2023/Conference (poster)

Evaluating the Fairness of Deep Learning Uncertainty Estimates in Medical Image Analysis

Raghav Mehta

Changjian Shui

2023-04-04

MIDL.io/2023/Conference (poster)

Personalized Prediction of Future Lesion Activity and Treatment Effect in Multiple Sclerosis from Baseline MRI

Joshua D. Durso-Finley

Jean-Pierre R. Falet

Brennan Nichyporuk

Douglas Arnold

Precision medicine for chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) involves choosing a treatment which best balances efficacy and side … (see more)effects/preferences for individual patients. Making this choice as early as possible is important, as delays in finding an effective therapy can lead to irreversible disability accrual. To this end, we present the first deep neural network model for individualized treatment decisions from baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (with clinical information if available) for MS patients which (a) predicts future new and enlarging T2 weighted (NE-T2) lesion counts on follow-up MRI on multiple treatments and (b) estimates the conditional average treatment effect (CATE), as defined by the predicted future suppression of NE-T2 lesions, between different treatment options relative to placebo. Our model is validated on a proprietary federated dataset of 1817 multi-sequence MRIs acquired from MS patients during four multi-centre randomized clinical trials. Our framework achieves high average precision in the binarized regression of future NE-T2 lesions on five different treatments, identifies heterogeneous treatment effects, and provides a personalized treatment recommendation that accounts for treatment-associated risk (side effects, patient preference, administration difficulties,...).

2022-12-04

Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Medical Imaging with Deep Learning (published)

Segmentation-Consistent Probabilistic Lesion Counting

Julien Schroeter

Chelsea Myers-Colet

Douglas Arnold

Lesion counts are important indicators of disease severity, patient prognosis, and treatment efficacy, yet counting as a task in medical ima… (see more)ging is often overlooked in favor of segmentation. This work introduces a novel continuously differentiable function that maps lesion segmentation predictions to lesion count probability distributions in a consistent manner. The proposed end-to-end approach—which consists of voxel clustering, lesion-level voxel probability aggregation, and Poisson-binomial counting—is non-parametric and thus offers a robust and consistent way to augment lesion segmentation models with post hoc counting capabilities. Experiments on Gadolinium-enhancing lesion counting demonstrate that our method outputs accurate and well-calibrated count distributions that capture meaningful uncertainty information. They also reveal that our model is suitable for multi-task learning of lesion segmentation, is efficient in low data regimes, and is robust to adversarial attacks.

2022-12-04

Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Medical Imaging with Deep Learning (published)

Clinically Plausible Pathology-Anatomy Disentanglement in Patient Brain MRI with Structured Variational Priors

Anjun Hu

Jean-Pierre R. Falet

Brennan Nichyporuk

Changjian Shui

Douglas Arnold

Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

We propose a hierarchically structured variational inference model for accurately disentangling observable evidence of disease (e.g. brain l… (see more)esions or atrophy) from subject-specific anatomy in brain MRIs. With flexible, partially autoregressive priors, our model (1) addresses the subtle and fine-grained dependencies that typically exist between anatomical and pathological generating factors of an MRI to ensure the clinical validity of generated samples; (2) preserves and disentangles finer pathological details pertaining to a patient's disease state. Additionally, we experiment with an alternative training configuration where we provide supervision to a subset of latent units. It is shown that (1) a partially supervised latent space achieves a higher degree of disentanglement between evidence of disease and subject-specific anatomy; (2) when the prior is formulated with an autoregressive structure, knowledge from the supervision can propagate to the unsupervised latent units, resulting in more informative latent representations capable of modelling anatomy-pathology interdependencies.

2022-11-15

ArXiv (preprint)

Rethinking Generalization: The Impact of Annotation Style on Medical Image Segmentation

Brennan Nichyporuk

Jillian L. Cardinell

Justin Szeto

Raghav Mehta

Jean-Pierre R. Falet

Douglas Arnold

Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

Generalization is an important attribute of machine learning models, particularly for those that are to be deployed in a medical context, wh… (see more)ere unreliable predictions can have real world consequences. While the failure of models to generalize across datasets is typically attributed to a mismatch in the data distributions, performance gaps are often a consequence of biases in the "ground-truth" label annotations. This is particularly important in the context of medical image segmentation of pathological structures (e.g. lesions), where the annotation process is much more subjective, and affected by a number underlying factors, including the annotation protocol, rater education/experience, and clinical aims, among others. In this paper, we show that modeling annotation biases, rather than ignoring them, poses a promising way of accounting for differences in annotation style across datasets. To this end, we propose a generalized conditioning framework to (1) learn and account for different annotation styles across multiple datasets using a single model, (2) identify similar annotation styles across different datasets in order to permit their effective aggregation, and (3) fine-tune a fully trained model to a new annotation style with just a few samples. Next, we present an image-conditioning approach to model annotation styles that correlate with specific image features, potentially enabling detection biases to be more easily identified.

2022-10-31

ArXiv (preprint)