Publications

Focal Modulation Networks for Interpretable Sound Classification
Luca Della Libera
Cem (Yusuf) Subakan
Mirco Ravanelli
The increasing success of deep neural networks has raised concerns about their inherent black-box nature, posing challenges related to inter… (see more)pretability and trust. While there has been extensive exploration of interpretation techniques in vision and language, interpretability in the audio domain has received limited attention, primarily focusing on post-hoc explanations. This paper addresses the problem of interpretability by-design in the audio domain by utilizing the recently proposed attention-free focal modulation networks (FocalNets). We apply FocalNets to the task of environmental sound classification for the first time and evaluate their interpretability properties on the popular ESC-50 dataset. Our method outperforms a similarly sized vision transformer both in terms of accuracy and interpretability. Furthermore, it is competitive against PIQ, a method specifically designed for post-hoc interpretation in the audio domain.
2024-04-14
2024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Workshops (ICASSPW) (published)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Resource-Efficient Separation Transformer
Luca Della Libera
Cem (Yusuf) Subakan
Mirco Ravanelli
Samuele Cornell
Frédéric Lepoutre
François Grondin
Transformers have recently achieved state-of-the-art performance in speech separation. These models, however, are computationally demanding … (see more)and require a lot of learnable parameters. This paper explores Transformer-based speech separation with a reduced computational cost. Our main contribution is the development of the Resource-Efficient Separation Transformer (RE-SepFormer), a self-attention-based architecture that reduces the computational burden in two ways. First, it uses non-overlapping blocks in the latent space. Second, it operates on compact latent summaries calculated from each chunk. The RE-SepFormer reaches a competitive performance on the popular WSJ0-2Mix and WHAM! datasets in both causal and non-causal settings. Remarkably, it scales significantly better than the previous Transformer-based architectures in terms of memory and inference time, making it more suitable for processing long mixtures.
2024-04-14
ICASSP 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (published)
doi.org
arxiv.org
SKILL: Similarity-aware Knowledge distILLation for Speech Self-Supervised Learning
Luca Zampierin
Ghouthi Boukli Hacene
Bac Nguyen
Mirco Ravanelli
2024-04-14
2024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Workshops (ICASSPW) (published)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Towards Practical Tool Usage for Continually Learning LLMs
Jerry Huang
Prasanna Parthasarathi
Mehdi Rezagholizadeh
Sarath Chandar
Large language models (LLMs) show an innate skill for solving language based tasks. But insights have suggested an inability to adjust for i… (see more)nformation or task-solving skills becoming outdated, as their knowledge, stored directly within their parameters, remains static in time. Tool use helps by offloading work to systems that the LLM can access through an interface, but LLMs that use them still must adapt to nonstationary environments for prolonged use, as new tools can emerge and existing tools can change. Nevertheless, tools require less specialized knowledge, therefore we hypothesize they are better suited for continual learning (CL) as they rely less on parametric memory for solving tasks and instead focus on learning when to apply pre-defined tools. To verify this, we develop a synthetic benchmark and follow this by aggregating existing NLP tasks to form a more realistic testing scenario. While we demonstrate scaling model size is not a solution, regardless of tool usage, continual learning techniques can enable tool LLMs to both adapt faster while forgetting less, highlighting their potential as continual learners.
2024-04-14
ArXiv (preprint)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Why People Contribute Software Documentation
Deeksha M. Arya
Jin Guo
Martin P. Robillard
2024-04-14
IEEE/ACM International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (published)
doi.org
Towards Causal Deep Learning for Vulnerability Detection
Md Mahbubur Rahman
Ira Ceka
Chengzhi Mao
Saikat Chakraborty
Baishakhi Ray
Wei Le
Deep learning vulnerability detection has shown promising results in recent years. However, an important challenge that still blocks it from… (see more) being very useful in practice is that the model is not robust under perturbation and it cannot generalize well over the out-of-distribution (OOD) data, e.g., applying a trained model to unseen projects in real world. We hypothesize that this is because the model learned non-robust features, e.g., variable names, that have spurious correlations with labels. When the perturbed and OOD datasets no longer have the same spurious features, the model prediction fails. To address the challenge, in this paper, we introduced causality into deep learning vulnerability detection. Our approach CausalVul consists of two phases. First, we designed novel perturbations to discover spurious features that the model may use to make predictions. Second, we applied the causal learning algorithms, specifically, do-calculus, on top of existing deep learning models to systematically remove the use of spurious features and thus promote causal based prediction. Our results show that CausalVul consistently improved the model accuracy, robustness and OOD performance for all the state-of-the-art models and datasets we experimented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that introduces do calculus based causal learning to software engineering models and shows it's indeed useful for improving the model accuracy, robustness and generalization. Our replication package is located at https://figshare.com/s/0ffda320dcb96c249ef2.
2024-04-12
Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering (published)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Deep learning for high-resolution dose prediction in high dose rate brachytherapy for breast cancer treatment.
Sébastien Quetin
Boris Bahoric
Farhad Maleki
Shirin A. Enger
OBJECTIVE Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are the benchmark for accurate radiotherapy dose calculations, notably in patient-specific high dose … (see more)rate brachytherapy (HDR BT), in cases where considering tissue heterogeneities is critical. However, the lengthy computational time limits the practical application of MC simulations. Prior research used Deep Learning (DL) for dose prediction as an alternative to MC simulations. While accurate dose predictions akin to MC were attained, GPU limitations constrained these predictions to large voxels of 3mm × 3mm × 3mm. This study aimed to enable dose predictions as accurate as MC simulations in 1mm × 1mm × 1mm voxels within a clinically acceptable timeframe. Approach: Computed tomography scans of 98 breast cancer patients treated with Iridium-192-based HDR BT were used: 70 for training, 14 for validation, and 14 for testing. A new cropping strategy based on the distance to the seed was devised to reduce the volume size, enabling efficient training of 3D DL models using 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm dose grids. Additionally, novel DL architecture with layer-level fusion were proposed to predict MC simulated dose to medium-in-medium (Dm,m). These architectures fuse information from TG-43 dose to water-in-water (Dw,w) with patient tissue composition at the layer-level. Different inputs describing patient body composition were investigated. Main results: The proposed approach demonstrated state-of-the-art performance, on par with the MC Dm,m maps, but 300 times faster. The mean absolute percent error for dosimetric indices between the MC and DL-predicted complete treatment plans was 0.17%±0.15% for the planning target volume V100, 0.30%±0.32% for the skin D2cc, 0.82%±0.79% for the lung D2cc, 0.34%±0.29% for the chest wall D2cc and 1.08%±0.98% for the heart D2cc. Significance: Unlike the time-consuming MC simulations, the proposed novel strategy efficiently converts TG-43 Dw,w maps into precise Dm,m maps at high resolution, enabling clinical integration.
2024-04-11
Physics in Medicine and Biology (published)
doi.org
From the Lab to the Theater: An Unconventional Field Robotics Journey
Ali Imran
Vivek Shankar Vardharajan
Rafael Gomes Braga
Yann Bouteiller
Abdalwhab Abdalwhab
Matthis Di-Giacomo
Alexandra Mercader
Giovanni Beltrame
David St-Onge
2024-04-11
ArXiv (preprint)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Scalable Hierarchical Self-Attention with Learnable Hierarchy for Long-Range Interactions
Thuan Nguyen Anh Trang
Khang Nhat Ngo
Hugo Sonnery
Thieu Vo
Siamak Ravanbakhsh
Truong Son Hy
Self-attention models have made great strides toward accurately modeling a wide array of data modalities, including, more recently, graph-st… (see more)ructured data. This paper demonstrates that adaptive hierarchical attention can go a long way toward successfully applying transformers to graphs. Our proposed model Sequoia provides a powerful inductive bias towards long-range interaction modeling, leading to better generalization. We propose an end-to-end mechanism for a data-dependent construction of a hierarchy which in turn guides the self-attention mechanism. Using adaptive hierarchy provides a natural pathway toward sparse attention by constraining node-to-node interactions with the immediate family of each node in the hierarchy (e.g., parent, children, and siblings). This in turn dramatically reduces the computational complexity of a self-attention layer from quadratic to log-linear in terms of the input size while maintaining or sometimes even surpassing the standard transformer's ability to model long-range dependencies across the entire input. Experimentally, we report state-of-the-art performance on long-range graph benchmarks while remaining computationally efficient. Moving beyond graphs, we also display competitive performance on long-range sequence modeling, point-clouds classification, and segmentation when using a fixed hierarchy. Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/HySonLab/HierAttention
2024-04-11
TMLR (accepted)
openreview.net
openreview.net
Deep Generative Sampling in the Dual Divergence Space: A Data-efficient&Interpretative Approach for Generative AI
Sahil Garg
Anderson Schneider
Anant Raj
Kashif Rasul
Yuriy Nevmyvaka
S. Gopal
Amit Dhurandhar
Guillermo A. Cecchi
Irina Rish
Building on the remarkable achievements in generative sampling of natural images, we propose an innovative challenge, potentially overly amb… (see more)itious, which involves generating samples of entire multivariate time series that resemble images. However, the statistical challenge lies in the small sample size, sometimes consisting of a few hundred subjects. This issue is especially problematic for deep generative models that follow the conventional approach of generating samples from a canonical distribution and then decoding or denoising them to match the true data distribution. In contrast, our method is grounded in information theory and aims to implicitly characterize the distribution of images, particularly the (global and local) dependency structure between pixels. We achieve this by empirically estimating its KL-divergence in the dual form with respect to the respective marginal distribution. This enables us to perform generative sampling directly in the optimized 1-D dual divergence space. Specifically, in the dual space, training samples representing the data distribution are embedded in the form of various clusters between two end points. In theory, any sample embedded between those two end points is in-distribution w.r.t. the data distribution. Our key idea for generating novel samples of images is to interpolate between the clusters via a walk as per gradients of the dual function w.r.t. the data dimensions. In addition to the data efficiency gained from direct sampling, we propose an algorithm that offers a significant reduction in sample complexity for estimating the divergence of the data distribution with respect to the marginal distribution. We provide strong theoretical guarantees along with an extensive empirical evaluation using many real-world datasets from diverse domains, establishing the superiority of our approach w.r.t. state-of-the-art deep learning methods.
2024-04-10
ArXiv (preprint)
doi.org
arxiv.org
Zero-shot Logical Query Reasoning on any Knowledge Graph
Mikhail Galkin
Jincheng Zhou
Bruno Ribeiro
Jian Tang
Zhaocheng Zhu
Complex logical query answering (CLQA) in knowledge graphs (KGs) goes beyond simple KG completion and aims at answering compositional querie… (see more)s comprised of multiple projections and logical operations. Existing CLQA methods that learn parameters bound to certain entity or relation vocabularies can only be applied to the graph they are trained on which requires substantial training time before being deployed on a new graph. Here we present UltraQuery, an inductive reasoning model that can zero-shot answer logical queries on any KG. The core idea of UltraQuery is to derive both projections and logical operations as vocabulary-independent functions which generalize to new entities and relations in any KG. With the projection operation initialized from a pre-trained inductive KG reasoning model, UltraQuery can solve CLQA on any KG even if it is only finetuned on a single dataset. Experimenting on 23 datasets, UltraQuery in the zero-shot inference mode shows competitive or better query answering performance than best available baselines and sets a new state of the art on 14 of them.
2024-04-10
ArXiv (preprint)
doi.org
arxiv.org
AI healthcare research: Pioneering iSMART Lab
Narges Armanfard
Dr Narges Armanfard, Professor, talks us through the AI healthcare research at McGill University which is spearheading a groundbreaking init… (see more)iative – the iSMART Lab. Access to high-quality healthcare is not just a fundamental human right; it is the bedrock of our societal wellbeing, with the crucial roles played by doctors, nurses, and hospitals. Yet, healthcare systems globally face mounting challenges, particularly from aging populations. Dr Narges Armanfard, affiliated with McGill University and Mila Quebec AI Institute in Montreal, Canada, has spearheaded a groundbreaking initiative – the iSMART Lab. This laboratory represents a revolutionary leap into the future of healthcare, with its pioneering research in AI for health applications garnering significant attention. Renowned for its innovative integration of AI across diverse domains, iSMART Lab stands at the forefront of harnessing Artificial Intelligence to elevate and streamline health services.
2024-04-09
Open Access Government (published)
doi.org