AAPM task group report 288: Recommendations for guiding radiotherapy event narratives
Bruce Thomadsen
Ajay Kapur
Bette Blankenship
Barrett Caldwell
Lindsey Claps
Joanne Cunningham
Jennifer Elee
Suzanne Evans
Eric Ford
Debbie Gilley
Sandra Hayden
Kathleen Hintenlang
Rishabh Kapoor
Linda Kroger
Ksenija Kujundzic
Qing Liang
Sasa Mutic
Anita O'Donovan
Michael O'Hara … (see 6 more)
Zoubir Ouhib
Jatinder Palta
Todd Pawlicki
William Salter
Stacey Schmidt
Sugata Tripathi
Development of AI-assisted microscopy frameworks through realistic simulation with pySTED
Anthony Bilodeau
Albert Michaud-Gagnon
Julia Chabbert
Benoit Turcotte
Jörn Heine
Flavie Lavoie-Cardinal
Development of AI-assisted microscopy frameworks through realistic simulation with pySTED
Anthony Bilodeau
Albert Michaud-Gagnon
Julia Chabbert
Benoit Turcotte
Jörn Heine
Flavie Lavoie-Cardinal
Development of AI-assisted microscopy frameworks through realistic simulation with pySTED
Anthony Bilodeau
Albert Michaud-Gagnon
Julia Chabbert
Benoit Turcotte
Jörn Heine
Flavie Lavoie-Cardinal
Development of AI-assisted microscopy frameworks through realistic simulation with pySTED
Anthony Bilodeau
Albert Michaud-Gagnon
Julia Chabbert
Benoit Turcotte
Jörn Heine
Flavie Lavoie-Cardinal
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into microscopy systems significantly enhances performance, optimizing both the image acquis… (see more)ition and analysis phases. Development of AI-assisted super-resolution microscopy is often limited by the access to large biological datasets, as well as by the difficulties to benchmark and compare approaches on heterogeneous samples. We demonstrate the benefits of a realistic STED simulation platform, pySTED, for the development and deployment of AI-strategies for super-resolution microscopy. The simulation environment provided by pySTED allows the augmentation of data for the training of deep neural networks, the development of online optimization strategies, and the training of reinforcement learning models, that can be deployed successfully on a real microscope.
Implicitly Bayesian Prediction Rules in Deep Learning
Bruno Mlodozeniec
Richard Turner
The Bayesian approach leads to coherent updates of predictions under new data, which makes adhering to Bayesian principles appealing in deci… (see more)sion-making contexts. Traditionally, integrating Bayesian principles into models like deep neural networks involves setting priors on parameters and approximating posteriors. This is done despite the fact that, typically, priors on parameters reflect any prior beliefs only insofar as they dictate function space behaviour. In this paper, we rethink this approach and consider what properties characterise a prediction rule as being Bayesian. Algorithms meeting such criteria can be deemed implicitly Bayesian — they make the same predictions as some Bayesian model, without explicitly manifesting priors and posteriors. We argue this might be a more fruitful approach towards integrating Bayesian principles into deep learning. In this paper, we propose how to measure how close a general prediction rule is to being implicitly Bayesian, and empirically evaluate multiple prediction strategies using our approach. We also show theoretically that agents relying on non-implicitly Bayesian prediction rules can be easily exploited in adversarial betting settings.
Long-term plasticity induces sparse and specific synaptic changes in a biophysically detailed cortical model
András Ecker
Daniela Egas Santander
Marwan Abdellah
Jorge Blanco Alonso
Sirio Bolaños-Puchet
Giuseppe Chindemi
Dhuruva Priyan Gowri Mariyappan
James B. Isbister
James King
Pramod Kumbhar
Ioannis Magkanaris
Michael W. Reimann
scCross: A Deep Generative Model for Unifying Single-cell Multi-omics with Seamless Integration, Cross-modal Generation, and In-silico Exploration
Xiuhui Yang
Koren K. Mann
Hao Wu
Single-cell multi-omics illuminate intricate cellular states, yielding transformative insights into cellular dynamics and disease. Yet, whil… (see more)e the potential of this technology is vast, the integration of its multifaceted data presents challenges. Some modalities have not reached the robustness or clarity of established scRNA-seq. Coupled with data scarcity for newer modalities and integration intricacies, these challenges limit our ability to maximize single-cell omics benefits. We introduce scCross: a tool adeptly engineered using variational autoencoder, generative adversarial network principles, and the Mutual Nearest Neighbors (MNN) technique for modality alignment. This synergy ensures seamless integration of varied single-cell multi-omics data. Beyond its foundational prowess in multi-omics data integration, scCross excels in single-cell cross-modal data generation, multi-omics data simulation, and profound in-silico cellular perturbations. Armed with these capabilities, scCross is set to transform the field of single-cell research, establishing itself in the nuanced integration, generation, and simulation of complex multi-omics data.
The report of AAPM task group 288: Recommendations for guiding radiotherapy event narratives.
Bruce Thomadsen
Ajay Kapur
Bette Blankenship
Barrett Caldwell
Lindsey Claps
Joanne Cunningham
Jennifer Elee
Suzanne Evans
Eric Ford
Debbie Gilley
Sandra Hayden
Kathleen Hintenlang
Rishabh Kapoor
Linda Kroger
Ksenija Kujundzic
Qing Liang
Sasa Mutic
Anita O'Donovan
Michael O'Hara … (see 6 more)
Zoubir Ouhib
Jatinder Palta
Todd Pawlicki
William Salter
Stacey Schmidt
Sugata Tripathi
Empowering Clinicians with Medical Decision Transformers: A Framework for Sepsis Treatment
Aamer Abdul Rahman
Pranav Agarwal
Rita Noumeir
Philippe Jouvet
Vincent Michalski
Offline reinforcement learning has shown promise for solving tasks in safety-critical settings, such as clinical decision support. Its appli… (see more)cation, however, has been limited by the lack of interpretability and interactivity for clinicians. To address these challenges, we propose the medical decision transformer (MeDT), a novel and versatile framework based on the goal-conditioned reinforcement learning paradigm for sepsis treatment recommendation. MeDT uses the decision transformer architecture to learn a policy for drug dosage recommendation. During offline training, MeDT utilizes collected treatment trajectories to predict administered treatments for each time step, incorporating known treatment outcomes, target acuity scores, past treatment decisions, and current and past medical states. This analysis enables MeDT to capture complex dependencies among a patient's medical history, treatment decisions, outcomes, and short-term effects on stability. Our proposed conditioning uses acuity scores to address sparse reward issues and to facilitate clinician-model interactions, enhancing decision-making. Following training, MeDT can generate tailored treatment recommendations by conditioning on the desired positive outcome (survival) and user-specified short-term stability improvements. We carry out rigorous experiments on data from the MIMIC-III dataset and use off-policy evaluation to demonstrate that MeDT recommends interventions that outperform or are competitive with existing offline reinforcement learning methods while enabling a more interpretable, personalized and clinician-directed approach.
On the benefits of pixel-based hierarchical policies for task generalization
T. Cristea-Platon
Josh Susskind
Walter Talbott
Reinforcement learning practitioners often avoid hierarchical policies, especially in image-based observation spaces. Typically, the single-… (see more)task performance improvement over flat-policy counterparts does not justify the additional complexity associated with implementing a hierarchy. However, by introducing multiple decision-making levels, hierarchical policies can compose lower-level policies to more effectively generalize between tasks, highlighting the need for multi-task evaluations. We analyze the benefits of hierarchy through simulated multi-task robotic control experiments from pixels. Our results show that hierarchical policies trained with task conditioning can (1) increase performance on training tasks, (2) lead to improved reward and state-space generalizations in similar tasks, and (3) decrease the complexity of fine tuning required to solve novel tasks. Thus, we believe that hierarchical policies should be considered when building reinforcement learning architectures capable of generalizing between tasks.
Canada's provincial COVID-19 pandemic modelling efforts: A review of mathematical models and their impacts on the responses.
Yiqing Xia
Jorge Luis Flores Anato
Caroline Colijin
Naveed Janjua
Mike Irvine
Tyler Williamson
Marie B. Varughese
Michael Li
Nathaniel D. Osgood
David J. D. Earn
Beate Sander
Lauren E. Cipriano
Kumar Murty
Fanyu Xiu
Arnaud Godin
Amy Hurford
Sharmistha Mishra
Mathieu Maheu-Giroux
SETTING Mathematical modelling played an important role in the public health response to COVID-19 in Canada. Variability in epidemic traject… (see more)ories, modelling approaches, and data infrastructure across provinces provides a unique opportunity to understand the factors that shaped modelling strategies. INTERVENTION Provinces implemented stringent pandemic interventions to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission, considering evidence from epidemic models. This study aimed to summarize provincial COVID-19 modelling efforts. We identified modelling teams working with provincial decision-makers, through referrals and membership in Canadian modelling networks. Information on models, data sources, and knowledge translation were abstracted using standardized instruments. OUTCOMES We obtained information from six provinces. For provinces with sustained community transmission, initial modelling efforts focused on projecting epidemic trajectories and healthcare demands, and evaluating impacts of proposed interventions. In provinces with low community transmission, models emphasized quantifying importation risks. Most of the models were compartmental and deterministic, with projection horizons of a few weeks. Models were updated regularly or replaced by new ones, adapting to changing local epidemic dynamics, pathogen characteristics, vaccines, and requests from public health. Surveillance datasets for cases, hospitalizations and deaths, and serological studies were the main data sources for model calibration. Access to data for modelling and the structure for knowledge translation differed markedly between provinces. IMPLICATION Provincial modelling efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic were tailored to local contexts and modulated by available resources. Strengthening Canadian modelling capacity, developing and sustaining collaborations between modellers and governments, and ensuring earlier access to linked and timely surveillance data could help improve pandemic preparedness.