This program is designed to provide decision-makers, policymakers and professional working in policy with a foundational understanding of AI technology.
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The deployment of machine learning systems in the market economy has triggered academic and institutional fears over potential tacit collusi… (see more)on between fully automated agents. Multiple recent economics studies have empirically shown the emergence of collusive strategies from agents guided by machine learning algorithms. In this work, we prove that multi-agent Q-learners playing the iterated prisoner's dilemma can learn to collude. The complexity of the cooperative multi-agent setting yields multiple fixed-point policies for