Jan Valosek

Monitoring morphometric drift in lifelong learning segmentation of the spinal cord

Enamundram Naga Karthik

Sandrine Bédard

Christoph S. Aigner

Elise Bannier

Josef Bednařík

Virginie Callot

Anna Combes

Armin Curt

Gergely David

Falk Eippert

Lynn Farner

Michael G Fehlings

Patrick Freund

Tobias Granberg

Cristina Granziera

Rhscir Network Imaging Group

Ulrike Horn

Tomáš Horák … (see 36 more)

Suzanne Humphreys

Markus Hupp

Anne Kerbrat

Nawal Kinany

Shannon Kolind

Anna Lebret

Petr Kudlička

Lisa Eunyoung Lee

Caterina Mainero

Allan R. Martin

Megan McGrath

Govind Nair

Kristin P. O’Grady

Jiwon Oh

Russell Ouellette

Nikolai Pfender

Dario Pfyffer

P. Pradat

Alexandre Prat

Emanuele Pravatà

Daniel S. Reich

Ilaria Ricchi

Naama Rotem-Kohavi

Simon Schading-Sassenhausen

Maryam Seif

Andrew C. Smith

Seth Aaron Smith

Grace Sweeney

Roger Tam

Anthony Traboulsee

Constantina A. Treaba

Charidimos Tsagkas

Zachary Vavasour

Dimitri Van De Ville

Kenneth A. Weber

Sarath Chandar

2025-06-12

lifelong-ml.cc/CoLLAs/2025/Workshop_Track (published)

openreview.net

Rootlets-based registration to the spinal cord PAM50 template

Sandrine Bédard

Valeria Oliva

Kenneth A. Weber

2025-05-01

arXiv (published)

Normalizing Spinal Cord Compression Measures in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy.

Sandrine Bédard

Maryam Seif

Armin Curt

Simon Schading-Sassenhausen

Nikolai Pfender

P. Freund

Markus Hupp

2025-03-01

The spine journal (published)

Automatic segmentation of spinal cord lesions in MS: A robust tool for axial T2-weighted MRI scans

Enamundram Naga Karthik

J. McGinnis

R. Wurm

S. Ruehling

R. Graf

Pierre-Louis Benveniste

M. Lauerer

J. Talbott

R. Bakshi

S. Tauhid

T. Shepherd

A. Berthele

C. Zimmer

B. Hemmer

D. Rueckert

B. Wiestler

J. Kirschke

M. Muehlau

Deep learning models have achieved remarkable success in segmenting brain white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS), becoming integral… (see more) to both research and clinical workflows. While brain lesions have gained significant attention in MS research, the involvement of spinal cord lesions in MS is relatively understudied. This is largely owed to the variability in spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition protocols, high individual anatomical differences, the complex morphology and size of spinal cord lesions - and lastly, the scarcity of labeled datasets required to develop robust segmentation tools. As a result, automatic segmentation of spinal cord MS lesions remains a significant challenge. Although some segmentation tools exist for spinal cord lesions, most have been developed using sagittal T2-weighted (T2w) sequences primarily focusing on cervical spines. With the growing importance of spinal cord imaging in MS, axial T2w scans are becoming increasingly relevant due to their superior sensitivity in detecting lesions compared to sagittal acquisition protocols. However, most existing segmentation methods struggle to effectively generalize to axial sequences due to differences in image characteristics caused by the highly anisotropic spinal cord scans. To address these challenges, we developed a robust, open-source lesion segmentation tool tailored specifically for axial T2w scans covering the whole spinal cord. We investigated key factors influencing lesion segmentation, including the impact of stitching together individually acquired spinal regions, straightening the spinal cord, and comparing the effectiveness of 2D and 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Drawing on these insights, we trained a multi-center model using an extensive dataset of 582 MS patients, resulting in a dataset comprising an entirety of 2,167 scans. We empirically evaluated the model's segmentation performance across various spinal segments for lesions with varying sizes. Our model significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods, providing consistent segmentation across cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. To support the broader research community, we integrate our model into the widely-used Spinal Cord Toolbox (v7.0 and above), making it accessible via the command sct_deepseg -task seg_sc_ms_lesion_axial_t2w -i .

2025-01-23

medRxiv (preprint)

Automatic segmentation of spinal cord lesions in MS: A robust tool for axial T2-weighted MRI scans

Enamundram Naga Karthik

Julian McGinnis

Ricarda Wurm

Sebastian Ruehling

Robert Graf

Pierre-Louis Benveniste

Markus Lauerer

Jason Talbott

Rohit Bakshi

Shahamat Tauhid

Timothy Shepherd

Achim Berthele

Claus Zimmer

Bernhard Hemmer

Daniel Rueckert

Benedikt Wiestler

Jan S. Kirschke

Mark Mühlau

Deep learning models have achieved remarkable success in segmenting brain white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS), becoming integral… (see more) to both research and clinical workflows. While brain lesions have gained significant attention in MS research, the involvement of spinal cord lesions in MS is relatively understudied. This is largely owed to the variability in spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition protocols, high individual anatomical differences, the complex morphology and size of spinal cord lesions - and lastly, the scarcity of labeled datasets required to develop robust segmentation tools. As a result, automatic segmentation of spinal cord MS lesions remains a significant challenge. Although some segmentation tools exist for spinal cord lesions, most have been developed using sagittal T2-weighted (T2w) sequences primarily focusing on cervical spines. With the growing importance of spinal cord imaging in MS, axial T2w scans are becoming increasingly relevant due to their superior sensitivity in detecting lesions compared to sagittal acquisition protocols. However, most existing segmentation methods struggle to effectively generalize to axial sequences due to differences in image characteristics caused by the highly anisotropic spinal cord scans. To address these challenges, we developed a robust, open-source lesion segmentation tool tailored specifically for axial T2w scans covering the whole spinal cord. We investigated key factors influencing lesion segmentation, including the impact of stitching together individually acquired spinal regions, straightening the spinal cord, and comparing the effectiveness of 2D and 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Drawing on these insights, we trained a multi-center model using an extensive dataset of 582 MS patients, resulting in a dataset comprising an entirety of 2,167 scans. We empirically evaluated the model's segmentation performance across various spinal segments for lesions with varying sizes. Our model significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods, providing consistent segmentation across cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. To support the broader research community, we integrate our model into the widely-used Spinal Cord Toolbox (v7.0 and above), making it accessible via the command sct_deepseg -task seg_sc_ms_lesion_axial_t2w -i .

2025-01-23

medRxiv (preprint)

Body size and intracranial volume interact with the structure of the central nervous system: A multi-center in vivo neuroimaging study

René Labounek

Monica T. Bondy

Amy L. Paulson

Sandrine Bédard

Mihael Abramovic

Eva Alonso‐Ortiz

Nicole Atcheson

Laura R. Barlow

Robert L. Barry

Markus Barth

Marco Battiston

Christian Büchel

Matthew D. Budde

Virginie Callot

Anna Combes

Benjamin De Leener

Maxime Descoteaux

Paulo Loureiro de Sousa

Marek Dostál

Julien Doyon … (see 74 more)

Adam Dvorak

Falk Eippert

Karla R. Epperson

Kevin S. Epperson

Patrick Freund

Jürgen Finsterbusch

Alexandru Foias

Michela Fratini

Issei Fukunaga

Claudia A. M. Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott

Giancarlo Germani

Guillaume Gilbert

Federico Giove

Francesco Grussu

Akifumi Hagiwara

Pierre-Gilles Henry

Tomáš Horák

Masaaki Hori

James Joers

Kouhei Kamiya

Haleh Karbasforoushan

Miloš Keřkovský

Ali Khatibi

Joo-won Kim

Nawal Kinany

Hagen H. Kitzler

Shannon Kolind

Yazhuo Kong

Petr Kudlička

Paul Kuntke

Nyoman D. Kurniawan

Slawomir Kusmia

Maria Marcella Lagana

Cornelia Laule

Christine S. W. Law

Csw Law

Tobias Leutritz

Yaou Liu

Sara Llufriu

Sean Mackey

Allan R. Martin

Eloy Martinez-Heras

Loan Mattera

Kristin P. O’Grady

Nico Papinutto

Daniel Papp

Deborah Pareto

Todd B. Parrish

Anna Pichiecchio

Ferran Prados

Àlex Rovira

Marc J. Ruitenberg

Rebecca S. Samson

Giovanni Savini

Maryam Seif

Alan C. Seifert

Alex K. Smith

Seth Aaron Smith

Zachary A. Smith

Elisabeth Solana

Yuichi Suzuki

George Tackley

Alexandra Tinnermann

Dimitri Van De Ville

Marios C. Yiannakas

Kenneth A. Weber

Nikolaus Weiskopf

Richard G. Wise

Patrik O. Wyss

Junqian Xu

Christophe Lenglet

Igor Nestrašil

2025-01-01

Imaging Neuroscience (published)

SCIseg: Automatic Segmentation of Intramedullary Lesions in Spinal Cord Injury on T2-weighted MRI Scans.

Enamundram Naga Karthik

Andrew C. Smith

Dario Pfyffer

Simon Schading-Sassenhausen

Lynn Farner

KA Weber

Patrick Freund

"Just Accepted" papers have undergone full peer review and have been accepted for publication in Radiology: Artificial Intelligence. This ar… (see more)ticle will undergo copyediting, layout, and proof review before it is published in its final version. Please note that during production of the final copyedited article, errors may be discovered which could affect the content. Purpose To develop a deep learning tool for the automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary lesions in spinal cord injury (SCI) on T2-weighted MRI scans. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included MRI data acquired between July 2002 and February 2023 from 191 patients with SCI (mean age, 48.1 years ± 17.9 [SD]; 142 males). The data consisted of T2-weighted MRI acquired using different scanner manufacturers with various image resolutions (isotropic and anisotropic) and orientations (axial and sagittal). Patients had different lesion etiologies (traumatic, ischemic, and hemorrhagic) and lesion locations across the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. A deep learning model, SCIseg, was trained in a three-phase process involving active learning for the automatic segmentation of intramedullary SCI lesions and the spinal cord. The segmentations from the proposed model were visually and quantitatively compared with those from three other open-source methods (PropSeg, DeepSeg and contrast-agnostic, all part of the Spinal Cord Toolbox). Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare quantitative MRI biomarkers of SCI (lesion volume, lesion length, and maximal axial damage ratio) derived from the manual reference standard lesion masks and biomarkers obtained automatically with SCIseg segmentations. Results SCIseg achieved a Dice score of 0.92 ± 0.07 (mean ± SD) and 0.61 ± 0.27 for spinal cord and SCI lesion segmentation, respectively. There was no evidence of a difference between lesion length (P = .42) and maximal axial damage ratio (P = .16) computed from manually annotated lesions and the lesion segmentations obtained using SCIseg. Conclusion SCIseg accurately segmented intramedullary lesions on a diverse dataset of T2-weighted MRI scans and extracted relevant lesion biomarkers (namely, lesion volume, lesion length, and maximal axial damage ratio). SCIseg is open-source and accessible through the Spinal Cord Toolbox (v6.2 and above). Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.

2024-11-06

Radiology: Artificial Intelligence (published)

SCIseg: Automatic Segmentation of Intramedullary Lesions in Spinal Cord Injury on T2-weighted MRI Scans.

Enamundram Naga Karthik

Andrew C. Smith

Dario Pfyffer

Simon Schading-Sassenhausen

Lynn Farner

KA Weber

Kenneth A. Weber

Patrick Freund

"Just Accepted" papers have undergone full peer review and have been accepted for publication in Radiology: Artificial Intelligence. This ar… (see more)ticle will undergo copyediting, layout, and proof review before it is published in its final version. Please note that during production of the final copyedited article, errors may be discovered which could affect the content. Purpose To develop a deep learning tool for the automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary lesions in spinal cord injury (SCI) on T2-weighted MRI scans. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included MRI data acquired between July 2002 and February 2023 from 191 patients with SCI (mean age, 48.1 years ± 17.9 [SD]; 142 males). The data consisted of T2-weighted MRI acquired using different scanner manufacturers with various image resolutions (isotropic and anisotropic) and orientations (axial and sagittal). Patients had different lesion etiologies (traumatic, ischemic, and hemorrhagic) and lesion locations across the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. A deep learning model, SCIseg, was trained in a three-phase process involving active learning for the automatic segmentation of intramedullary SCI lesions and the spinal cord. The segmentations from the proposed model were visually and quantitatively compared with those from three other open-source methods (PropSeg, DeepSeg and contrast-agnostic, all part of the Spinal Cord Toolbox). Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare quantitative MRI biomarkers of SCI (lesion volume, lesion length, and maximal axial damage ratio) derived from the manual reference standard lesion masks and biomarkers obtained automatically with SCIseg segmentations. Results SCIseg achieved a Dice score of 0.92 ± 0.07 (mean ± SD) and 0.61 ± 0.27 for spinal cord and SCI lesion segmentation, respectively. There was no evidence of a difference between lesion length (P = .42) and maximal axial damage ratio (P = .16) computed from manually annotated lesions and the lesion segmentations obtained using SCIseg. Conclusion SCIseg accurately segmented intramedullary lesions on a diverse dataset of T2-weighted MRI scans and extracted relevant lesion biomarkers (namely, lesion volume, lesion length, and maximal axial damage ratio). SCIseg is open-source and accessible through the Spinal Cord Toolbox (v6.2 and above). Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.

2024-11-06

Radiology: Artificial Intelligence (published)

SCIsegV2: A Universal Tool for Segmentation of Intramedullary Lesions in Spinal Cord Injury

Enamundram Naga Karthik

Lynn Farner

Dario Pfyffer

Simon Schading-Sassenhausen

A. Lebret

Gergely David

Andrew Smith

Kenneth A. Weber

Maryam Seif

Rhscir Network Imaging Group

Patrick Freund

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating incidence leading to permanent paralysis and loss of sensory-motor functions potentially resulting… (see more) in the formation of lesions within the spinal cord. Imaging biomarkers obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can predict the functional recovery of individuals with SCI and help choose the optimal treatment strategy. Currently, most studies employ manual quantification of these MRI-derived biomarkers, which is a subjective and tedious task. In this work, we propose (i) a universal tool for the automatic segmentation of intramedullary SCI lesions, dubbed \texttt{SCIsegV2}, and (ii) a method to automatically compute the width of the tissue bridges from the segmented lesion. Tissue bridges represent the spared spinal tissue adjacent to the lesion, which is associated with functional recovery in SCI patients. The tool was trained and validated on a heterogeneous dataset from 7 sites comprising patients from different SCI phases (acute, sub-acute, and chronic) and etiologies (traumatic SCI, ischemic SCI, and degenerative cervical myelopathy). Tissue bridges quantified automatically did not significantly differ from those computed manually, suggesting that the proposed automatic tool can be used to derive relevant MRI biomarkers. \texttt{SCIsegV2} and the automatic tissue bridges computation are open-source and available in Spinal Cord Toolbox (v6.4 and above) via the \texttt{sct\_deepseg -task seg\_sc\_lesion\_t2w\_sci} and \texttt{sct\_analyze\_lesion} functions, respectively.

2024-07-24

ArXiv (preprint)

Automatic Segmentation of the Spinal Cord Nerve Rootlets

Theo Mathieu

Raphaëlle Schlienger

Olivia S. Kowalczyk

Precise identification of spinal nerve rootlets is relevant to delineate spinal levels for the study of functional activity in the spinal co… (see more)rd. The goal of this study was to develop an automatic method for the semantic segmentation of spinal nerve rootlets from T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Images from two open-access MRI datasets were used to train a 3D multi-class convolutional neural network using an active learning approach to segment C2-C8 dorsal nerve rootlets. Each output class corresponds to a spinal level. The method was tested on 3T T2-weighted images from datasets unseen during training to assess inter-site, inter-session, and inter-resolution variability. The test Dice score was 0.67 +- 0.16 (mean +- standard deviation across rootlets levels), suggesting a good performance. The method also demonstrated low inter-vendor and inter-site variability (coefficient of variation= 1.41 %), as well as low inter-session variability (coefficient of variation= 1.30 %) indicating stable predictions across different MRI

2024-07-02

Imaging Neuroscience (published)

Body size interacts with the structure of the central nervous system: A multi-center in vivo neuroimaging study

René Labounek

Monica T. Bondy

Amy L. Paulson

Sandrine Bédard

Mihael Abramovic

Eva Alonso‐Ortiz

Nicole Atcheson

Laura R. Barlow

Robert L. Barry

Markus Barth

Marco Battiston

Christian Büchel

Matthew D. Budde

Virginie Callot

Anna Combes

Benjamin De Leener

Maxime Descoteaux

Paulo Loureiro de Sousa

Marek Dostál

Julien Doyon … (see 73 more)

Adam Dvorak

Falk Eippert

Karla R. Epperson

Kevin S. Epperson

Patrick Freund

Jürgen Finsterbusch

Alexandru Foias

Michela Fratini

Issei Fukunaga

Claudia A. M. Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott

Giancarlo Germani

Guillaume Gilbert

Federico Giove

Francesco Grussu

Akifumi Hagiwara

Pierre-Gilles Henry

Tomáš Horák

Masaaki Hori

James M. Joers

Kouhei Kamiya

Haleh Karbasforoushan

Miloš Keřkovský

Ali Khatibi

Joo‐Won Kim

Nawal Kinany

Hagen H. Kitzler

Shannon Kolind

Yazhuo Kong

Petr Kudlička

Paul Kuntke

Nyoman D. Kurniawan

Slawomir Kusmia

Maria Marcella Lagana

Cornelia Laule

Csw Law

Tobias Leutritz

Yaou Liu

Sara Llufriu

Sean Mackey

Allan R. Martin

Eloy Martinez-Heras

Loan Mattera

Kristin P. O’Grady

Nico Papinutto

Daniel Papp

Deborah Pareto

Todd B. Parrish

Anna Pichiecchio

Ferran Prados

Àlex Rovira

Marc J. Ruitenberg

Rebecca S. Samson

Giovanni Savini

Maryam Seif

Alan C. Seifert

Alex K. Smith

Seth A. Smith

Zachary A. Smith

Elisabeth Solana

Yuichi Suzuki

George Tackley

Alexandra Tinnermann

Dimitri Van De Ville

Marios C. Yiannakas

Kenneth A. Weber

Nikolaus Weiskopf

Richard G. Wise

Patrik O. Wyss

Junqian Xu

Christophe Lenglet

Igor Nestrašil

Clinical research emphasizes the implementation of rigorous and reproducible study designs that rely on between-group matching or controllin… (see more)g for sources of biological variation such as subject’s sex and age. However, corrections for body size (i.e. height and weight) are mostly lacking in clinical neuroimaging designs. This study investigates the importance of body size parameters in their relationship with spinal cord (SC) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics. Data were derived from a cosmopolitan population of 267 healthy human adults (age 30.1±6.6 years old, 125 females). We show that body height correlated strongly or moderately with brain gray matter (GM) volume, cortical GM volume, total cerebellar volume, brainstem volume, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of cervical SC white matter (CSA-WM; 0.44≤r≤0.62). In comparison, age correlated weakly with cortical GM volume, precentral GM volume, and cortical thickness (-0.21≥r≥-0.27). Body weight correlated weakly with magnetization transfer ratio in the SC WM, dorsal columns, and lateral corticospinal tracts (-0.20≥r≥-0.23). Body weight further correlated weakly with the mean diffusivity derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in SC WM (r=-0.20) and dorsal columns (-0.21), but only in males. CSA-WM correlated strongly or moderately with brain volumes (0.39≤r≤0.64), and weakly with precentral gyrus thickness and DTI-based fractional anisotropy in SC dorsal columns and SC lateral corticospinal tracts (-0.22≥r≥-0.25). Linear mixture of sex and age explained 26±10% of data variance in brain volumetry and SC CSA. The amount of explained variance increased at 33±11% when body height was added into the mixture model. Age itself explained only 2±2% of such variance. In conclusion, body size is a significant biological variable. Along with sex and age, body size should therefore be included as a mandatory variable in the design of clinical neuroimaging studies examining SC and brain structure.

2024-05-01

bioRxiv (preprint)