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Strong static type systems help programmers eliminate many errors without much burden of supplying type annotations. However, this flexibili… (see more)ty makes it highly non-trivial to diagnose ill-typed programs, especially for novice programmers. Compared to classic constraint solving and optimization-based approaches, the data-driven approach has shown great promise in identifying the root causes of type errors with higher accuracy. Instead of relying on hand-engineered features, this work explores natural language models for type error localization, which can be trained in an end-to-end fashion without requiring any features. We demonstrate that, for novice type error diagnosis, the language model-based approach significantly outperforms the previous state-of-the-art data-driven approach. Specifically, our model could predict type errors correctly 62% of the time, outperforming the state-of-the-art Nate's data-driven model by 11%, in a more rigorous accuracy metric. Furthermore, we also apply structural probes to explain the performance difference between different language models.
We propose a new family of specifications called neural as specification , which uses the intrinsic information of neural networks — neu… (see more)ral activation patterns (NAP), rather than input data to specify the correctness and/or robustness of neural network predictions. We present a simple statistical approach to mining dominant neural activation patterns. We analyze NAPs from a statistical point of view and find that a single can cover a large number of training and testing data points whereas ad hoc data-as-specification only covers the given reference data point. To show the effectiveness of discovered NAPs, we formally important properties, as various types of misclassifications happen for a and is no-ambiguity between different We show that by using we can verify the prediction of the space , of the we is a and for abstract the state of each neuron to only activated and deactivated by leveraging NAPs. We would like to explore more refined abstractions such as { ( −∞ ] , (0 , 1] , (1 , ∞ ] } in future work.