Publications

Towards Painless Policy Optimization for Constrained MDPs
Arushi Jain
Sharan Vaswani
Reza Babanezhad Harikandeh
Csaba Szepesvari
Doina Precup
We study policy optimization in an infinite horizon, …
2022-01-01
UAI (published)
doi.org
openreview.net
Trajectory of Mini-Batch Momentum: Batch Size Saturation and Convergence in High Dimensions
Kiwon Lee
Andrew Nicholas Cheng
Courtney Paquette
Elliot Paquette
openreview.net
Understanding the Evolution of Linear Regions in Deep Reinforcement Learning
Setareh Cohan
Nam Hee Gordon Kim
David Rolnick
Michiel van de Panne
Policies produced by deep reinforcement learning are typically characterised by their learning curves, but they remain poorly understood in … (see more)many other respects. ReLU-based policies result in a partitioning of the input space into piecewise linear regions. We seek to understand how observed region counts and their densities evolve during deep reinforcement learning using empirical results that span a range of continuous control tasks and policy network dimensions. Intuitively, we may expect that during training, the region density increases in the areas that are frequently visited by the policy, thereby affording fine-grained control. We use recent theoretical and empirical results for the linear regions induced by neural networks in supervised learning settings for grounding and comparison of our results. Empirically, we find that the region density increases only moderately throughout training, as measured along fixed trajectories coming from the final policy. However, the trajectories themselves also increase in length during training, and thus the region densities decrease as seen from the perspective of the current trajectory. Our findings suggest that the complexity of deep reinforcement learning policies does not principally emerge from a significant growth in the complexity of functions observed on-and-around trajectories of the policy.
openreview.net
Unsupervised Dependency Graph Network
Yikang Shen
Shawn Tan
Alessandro Sordoni
Peng Li
Jie Zhou
Aaron Courville
Recent work has identified properties of pretrained self-attention models that mirror those of dependency parse structures. In particular, s… (see more)ome self-attention heads correspond well to individual dependency types. Inspired by these developments, we propose a new competitive mechanism that encourages these attention heads to model different dependency relations. We introduce a new model, the Unsupervised Dependency Graph Network (UDGN), that can induce dependency structures from raw corpora and the masked language modeling task. Experiment results show that UDGN achieves very strong unsupervised dependency parsing performance without gold POS tags and any other external information. The competitive gated heads show a strong correlation with human-annotated dependency types. Furthermore, the UDGN can also achieve competitive performance on masked language modeling and sentence textual similarity tasks.
2022-01-01
Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (published)
doi.org
Usefulness of School Absenteeism Data for Predicting Infl uenza Outbreaks,
Joseph R. Egger
A. Hoen
John S. Brownstein
David Buckeridge
Donald R. Olson
Kevin James Konty
and second-round PCR were 94°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 55°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 2 min. Expected amplifi ca… (see more)tion products were 458 bp (PCR-1) and 304 bp (PCR-2). Using dilutions of a synthetic template corresponding to the target sequence, we estimated the sensitivity of the amplifi cation assay to be 5 copies of target sequence by limiting-dilution assay. Negative (sterile water) and positive controls (synthetic template dilutions) were
2022-01-01
(published)
www.semanticscholar.org
Vision-Language Pretraining: Current Trends and the Future
Aishwarya Agrawal
Damien Teney
Aida Nematzadeh
In the last few years, there has been an increased interest in building multimodal (vision-language) models that are pretrained on larger bu… (see more)t noisier datasets where the two modalities (e.g., image and text) loosely correspond to each other (e.g., Lu et al., 2019; Radford et al., 2021). Given a task (such as visual question answering), these models are then often fine-tuned on task-specific supervised datasets. (e.g., Lu et al., 2019; Chen et al.,2020; Tan and Bansal, 2019; Li et al., 2020a,b). In addition to the larger pretraining datasets, the transformer architecture (Vaswani et al., 2017) and in particular self-attention applied to two modalities are responsible for the impressive performance of the recent pretrained models on downstream tasks (Hendricks et al., 2021). In this tutorial, we focus on recent vision-language pretraining paradigms. Our goal is to first provide the background on image–language datasets, benchmarks, and modeling innovations before the multimodal pretraining area. Next we discuss the different family of models used for vision-language pretraining, highlighting their strengths and shortcomings. Finally, we discuss the limits of vision-language pretraining through statistical learning, and the need for alternative approaches such as causal representation learning.
2022-01-01
Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (published)
doi.org
Vision-Language Pretraining: Current Trends and the Future
Aishwarya Agrawal
Damien Teney
Aida Nematzadeh
In the last few years, there has been an increased interest in building multimodal (vision-language) models that are pretrained on larger bu… (see more)t noisier datasets where the two modalities (e.g., image and text) loosely correspond to each other (e.g., Lu et al., 2019; Radford et al., 2021). Given a task (such as visual question answering), these models are then often fine-tuned on task-specific supervised datasets. (e.g., Lu et al., 2019; Chen et al.,2020; Tan and Bansal, 2019; Li et al., 2020a,b). In addition to the larger pretraining datasets, the transformer architecture (Vaswani et al., 2017) and in particular self-attention applied to two modalities are responsible for the impressive performance of the recent pretrained models on downstream tasks (Hendricks et al., 2021). In this tutorial, we focus on recent vision-language pretraining paradigms. Our goal is to first provide the background on image–language datasets, benchmarks, and modeling innovations before the multimodal pretraining area. Next we discuss the different family of models used for vision-language pretraining, highlighting their strengths and shortcomings. Finally, we discuss the limits of vision-language pretraining through statistical learning, and the need for alternative approaches such as causal representation learning.
2022-01-01
Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (published)
doi.org
Washing The Unwashable : On The (Im)possibility of Fairwashing Detection
Ali Shahin Shamsabadi
Mohammad Yaghini
Natalie Dullerud
Sierra Wyllie
Ulrich Aivodji
Aisha Alaagib Alryeh Mkean
Sébastien Gambs
Nicolas Papernot
The use of black-box models (e.g., deep neural networks) in high-stakes decision-making systems, whose internal logic is complex, raises the… (see more) need for providing explanations about their decisions. Model explanation techniques mitigate this problem by generating an interpretable and high-fidelity surrogate model (e.g., a logistic regressor or decision tree) to explain the logic of black-box models. In this work, we investigate the issue of fairwashing, in which model explanation techniques are manipulated to rationalize decisions taken by an unfair black-box model using deceptive surrogate models. More precisely, we theoretically characterize and analyze fairwashing, proving that this phenomenon is difficult to avoid due to an irreducible factor---the unfairness of the black-box model. Based on the theory developed, we propose a novel technique, called FRAUD-Detect (FaiRness AUDit Detection), to detect fairwashed models by measuring a divergence over subpopulation-wise fidelity measures of the interpretable model. We empirically demonstrate that this divergence is significantly larger in purposefully fairwashed interpretable models than in honest ones. Furthermore, we show that our detector is robust to an informed adversary trying to bypass our detector. The code implementing FRAUD-Detect is available at https://github.com/cleverhans-lab/FRAUD-Detect.
openreview.net
Washing The Unwashable : On The (Im)possibility of Fairwashing Detection
A. Shamsabadi
Mohammad Yaghini
Natalie Dullerud
Sierra Calanda Wyllie
Ulrich Aivodji
Aisha Alaagib
Sébastien Gambs
Nicolas Papernot
What does it mean to be an AI Ethicist: An ontology of existing roles
Shalaleh Rismani
AJung Moon
With the increasing adoption of Artificial Intelligence systems (AIS) in various application and the growing efforts to regulate such system… (see more)s, a new set of occupations has emerged in the industry. This new set of roles take different titles and hold varying responsibilities. However, the individuals in these roles are tasked with interpreting and operationalizing best practices for developing ethical and safe AI systems. We will broadly refer to this new set of occupations as AI ethicists and recognize that they often hold a specific role in the intersection of technology development, business needs, and societal implications. In this work, we examine what it means to be an AI ethicist in the industry and propose an ontology of existing roles under this broad title along with their required competencies. We create this ontology by examining the job postings for such roles over the past two years and conduct expert interviews with fourteen individuals who currently hold such a role in the industry. The proposed ontology will inform executives and leaders who are looking to build responsible AI teams and provide educators the necessary information for creating new learning objectives and curriculum.
2022-01-01
arXiv.org (preprint)
doi.org
What does it mean to be an AI Ethicist: An ontology of existing roles
Shalaleh Rismani
AJung Moon
With the increasing adoption of Artificial Intelligence systems (AIS) in various application and the growing efforts to regulate such system… (see more)s, a new set of occupations has emerged in the industry. This new set of roles take different titles and hold varying responsibilities. However, the individuals in these roles are tasked with interpreting and operationalizing best practices for developing ethical and safe AI systems. We will broadly refer to this new set of occupations as AI ethicists and recognize that they often hold a specific role in the intersection of technology development, business needs, and societal implications. In this work, we examine what it means to be an AI ethicist in the industry and propose an ontology of existing roles under this broad title along with their required competencies. We create this ontology by examining the job postings for such roles over the past two years and conduct expert interviews with fourteen individuals who currently hold such a role in the industry. The proposed ontology will inform executives and leaders who are looking to build responsible AI teams and provide educators the necessary information for creating new learning objectives and curriculum.
2022-01-01
arXiv.org (preprint)
doi.org
Machine learning application development: practitioners’ insights
Md. Saidur Rahman
Foutse Khomh
Alaleh Hamidi
Jinghui Cheng
Giuliano Antoniol
Hironori Washizaki
2021-12-31
ArXiv (preprint)
doi.org
arxiv.org