David Scott Krueger

2024-09-25

NeurIPS.cc/2024/Conference (poster)

openreview.net

Implicitly Bayesian Prediction Rules in Deep Learning

Bruno Mlodozeniec

Richard Turner

The Bayesian approach leads to coherent updates of predictions under new data, which makes adhering to Bayesian principles appealing in deci… (see more)sion-making contexts. Traditionally, integrating Bayesian principles into models like deep neural networks involves setting priors on parameters and approximating posteriors. This is done despite the fact that, typically, priors on parameters reflect any prior beliefs only insofar as they dictate function space behaviour. In this paper, we rethink this approach and consider what properties characterise a prediction rule as being Bayesian. Algorithms meeting such criteria can be deemed implicitly Bayesian — they make the same predictions as some Bayesian model, without explicitly manifesting priors and posteriors. We argue this might be a more fruitful approach towards integrating Bayesian principles into deep learning. In this paper, we propose how to measure how close a general prediction rule is to being implicitly Bayesian, and empirically evaluate multiple prediction strategies using our approach. We also show theoretically that agents relying on non-implicitly Bayesian prediction rules can be easily exploited in adversarial betting settings.

2024-07-29

Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Advances in Approximate Bayesian Inference (published)

proceedings.mlr.press

Implicit meta-learning may lead language models to trust more reliable sources

Dmitrii Krasheninnikov

Egor Krasheninnikov

Bruno Mlodozeniec

Tegan Maharaj

We demonstrate that large language models (LLMs) may learn indicators of document usefulness and modulate their updates accordingly. We intr… (see more)oduce random strings ("tags") as indicators of usefulness in a synthetic fine-tuning dataset. Fine-tuning on this dataset leads to **implicit meta-learning (IML)**: in further fine-tuning, the model updates to make more use of text that is tagged as useful. We perform a thorough empirical investigation of this phenomenon, finding (among other things) that (i) it occurs in both pretrained LLMs and those trained from scratch, as well as on a vision task, and (ii) larger models and smaller batch sizes tend to give more IML. We also use probing to examine how IML changes the way models store knowledge in their parameters. Finally, we reflect on what our results might imply about the capabilities, risks, and controllability of future AI systems.

2024-07-08

Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (published)

proceedings.mlr.press

openreview.net

A deeper look at depth pruning of LLMs

Shoaib Ahmed Siddiqui

Xin Dong

Greg Heinrich

Thomas Breuel

Jan Kautz

Pavlo Molchanov

Large Language Models (LLMs) are not only resource-intensive to train but even more costly to deploy in production. Therefore, recent work h… (see more)as attempted to prune blocks of LLMs based on cheap proxies for estimating block importance, effectively removing 10% of blocks in well-trained LLaMa-2 and Mistral 7b models without any significant degradation of downstream metrics. In this paper, we explore different block importance metrics by considering adaptive metrics such as Shapley value in addition to static ones explored in prior work. We show that *adaptive metrics exhibit a trade-off in performance between tasks i.e., improvement on one task may degrade performance on the other due to differences in the computed block influences*. Furthermore, we extend this analysis from a complete block to individual self-attention and feed-forward layers, highlighting the propensity of the self-attention layers to be more amendable to pruning, even allowing ***removal of upto 33% of the self-attention layers without incurring any performance degradation on MMLU for Mistral 7b*** (significant reduction in costly maintenance of KV-cache). Finally, we look at simple performance recovery techniques to emulate the pruned layers by training lightweight additive bias or low-rank linear adapters. *Performance recovery using emulated updates avoids performance degradation for the initial blocks (up to 5% absolute improvement on MMLU)*, which is either competitive or superior to the learning-based technique.

2024-06-18

ICML.cc/2024/Workshop/TF2M (poster)

openreview.net

IDs for AI Systems

Alan Chan

Noam Kolt

Peter Wills

Usman Anwar

Christian Schroeder de Witt

Nitarshan Rajkumar

Lewis Hammond

Lennart Heim

Markus Anderljung

2024-06-17

ArXiv (preprint)

IDs for AI Systems

Alan Chan

Noam Kolt

Peter Wills

Usman Anwar

Christian Schroeder de Witt

Nitarshan Rajkumar

Lewis Hammond

Lennart Heim

Markus Anderljung

2024-06-17

ArXiv (preprint)

IDs for AI Systems

Alan Chan

Noam Kolt

Peter Wills

Usman Anwar

Christian Schroeder de Witt

Nitarshan Rajkumar

Lewis Hammond

Lennart Heim

Markus Anderljung

AI systems are increasingly pervasive, yet information needed to decide whether and how to engage with them may not exist or be accessible. … (see more)A user may not be able to verify whether a system has certain safety certifications. An investigator may not know whom to investigate when a system causes an incident. It may not be clear whom to contact to shut down a malfunctioning system. Across a number of domains, IDs address analogous problems by identifying particular entities (e.g., a particular Boeing 747) and providing information about other entities of the same class (e.g., some or all Boeing 747s). We propose a framework in which IDs are ascribed to instances of AI systems (e.g., a particular chat session with Claude 3), and associated information is accessible to parties seeking to interact with that system. We characterize IDs for AI systems, provide concrete examples where IDs could be useful, argue that there could be significant demand for IDs from key actors, analyze how those actors could incentivize ID adoption, explore a potential implementation of our framework for deployers of AI systems, and highlight limitations and risks. IDs seem most warranted in settings where AI systems could have a large impact upon the world, such as in making financial transactions or contacting real humans. With further study, IDs could help to manage a world where AI systems pervade society.

2024-06-17

ArXiv (preprint)

IDs for AI Systems

Alan Chan

Noam Kolt

Peter Wills

Usman Anwar

Christian Schroeder de Witt

Nitarshan Rajkumar

Lewis Hammond

Lennart Heim

Markus Anderljung

2024-06-17

ArXiv (preprint)

IDs for AI Systems

Alan Chan

Noam Kolt

Peter Wills

Usman Anwar

Christian Schroeder de Witt

Nitarshan Rajkumar

Lewis Hammond

Lennart Heim

Markus Anderljung

AI systems are increasingly pervasive, yet information needed to decide whether and how to engage with them may not exist or be accessible. … (see more)A user may not be able to verify whether a system has certain safety certifications. An investigator may not know whom to investigate when a system causes an incident. It may not be clear whom to contact to shut down a malfunctioning system. Across a number of domains, IDs address analogous problems by identifying particular entities (e.g., a particular Boeing 747) and providing information about other entities of the same class (e.g., some or all Boeing 747s). We propose a framework in which IDs are ascribed to instances of AI systems (e.g., a particular chat session with Claude 3), and associated information is accessible to parties seeking to interact with that system. We characterize IDs for AI systems, provide concrete examples where IDs could be useful, argue that there could be significant demand for IDs from key actors, analyze how those actors could incentivize ID adoption, explore a potential implementation of our framework for deployers of AI systems, and highlight limitations and risks. IDs seem most warranted in settings where AI systems could have a large impact upon the world, such as in making financial transactions or contacting real humans. With further study, IDs could help to manage a world where AI systems pervade society.

2024-06-17

ArXiv (preprint)

IDs for AI Systems

Alan Chan

Noam Kolt

Peter Wills

Usman Anwar

Christian Schroeder de Witt

Nitarshan Rajkumar

Lewis Hammond

Lennart Heim

Markus Anderljung

2024-06-17

ArXiv (preprint)

IDs for AI Systems

Alan Chan

Noam Kolt

Peter Wills

Usman Anwar

Christian Schroeder de Witt

Nitarshan Rajkumar

Lewis Hammond

Lennart Heim

Markus Anderljung

2024-06-17

ArXiv (preprint)

IDs for AI Systems

Alan Chan

Noam Kolt

Peter Wills

Usman Anwar

Christian Schroeder de Witt

Nitarshan Rajkumar

Lewis Hammond

Lennart Heim

Markus Anderljung

AI systems are increasingly pervasive, yet information needed to decide whether and how to engage with them may not exist or be accessible. … (see more)A user may not be able to verify whether a system has certain safety certifications. An investigator may not know whom to investigate when a system causes an incident. It may not be clear whom to contact to shut down a malfunctioning system. Across a number of domains, IDs address analogous problems by identifying particular entities (e.g., a particular Boeing 747) and providing information about other entities of the same class (e.g., some or all Boeing 747s). We propose a framework in which IDs are ascribed to instances of AI systems (e.g., a particular chat session with Claude 3), and associated information is accessible to parties seeking to interact with that system. We characterize IDs for AI systems, provide concrete examples where IDs could be useful, argue that there could be significant demand for IDs from key actors, analyze how those actors could incentivize ID adoption, explore a potential implementation of our framework for deployers of AI systems, and highlight limitations and risks. IDs seem most warranted in settings where AI systems could have a large impact upon the world, such as in making financial transactions or contacting real humans. With further study, IDs could help to manage a world where AI systems pervade society.

2024-06-17

ArXiv (preprint)